Inscription line

Darius I, Bisotun (DB3.)

DB3. · 91

Contains editorial restoration

Parallel reading

Script, transliteration, and transcription

Old Persian cuneiform: 𐏐 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐏁]𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐏃[𐎢𐎺] 𐏐 𐎠[𐎼]𐎧 𐏐 [𐎢]𐎫𐎠 [𐏐 𐎶𐎼𐎫]𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐏁[𐎡]𐎹 [𐏐 𐎳]𐎼𐎫[𐎶]𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎵/𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠
Transliteration: : n-i-y-š]-t-a-y-m : h-[u-v] : a-[r]-x : [u]-t-a [: m-r-t]-i-y-a : t-y-i-š-[i]-y [: f]-r-t-[m]-a : a-nu-/u-š-i-y-a
Transcription: : niyaštāyam : hauv : Arxa : utā : martiyā : tyaišaiy : fratamā : anušiyā
Editorial note: Source line has all recorded text layers. Machine-generated and unreviewed

Audio reading of line 91

Synthetic, approximate reading

Duration 0:10

Missing or unreadable parts use a sound cue and an English announcement; reconstructed readings are also announced in English. Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review.

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Listening guide

This file is a synthetic, approximate reading of the Old Persian text. As you listen:

A chime and the phrase “This part is missing or unreadable”: this part of the inscription is lost or unreadable, and no definite reading is available.
The phrase “Possible reconstructed reading”: what follows is a proposed reading of a reconstructed section and is not certain.
Pauses between sections: these separate parts of the reading; the length of a pause does not indicate the number of missing words.

Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review. To understand the text’s meaning, read the translation provided on this page.

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Any use of this audio file requires prior coordination via the following email address:

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Text source, rights and permission

The text used for this reading comes from the TITUS Old Persian corpus, part of the TITUS project at Goethe University Frankfurt. Rights to the original data, texts and sources belong to their respective rights holders and remain independent of the rights to Parsiandej’s own contributions.

TITUS data is used in this system for educational, research and non-commercial purposes with written permission from the TITUS project. Coordination with the company does not replace any permissions required from the rights holders of the original sources.

Translation and meaning

Recorded English translations

Machine-generated and unreviewedMachine-generated and unreviewed

order · that one · an Armenian, son of Haldita · and · man · who · foremost, highest ranking · follower

Status: Machine-generated and unreviewed
Generator version: parsiandej-en-literal-b9b9284386e8ad0489cabc25ec9f186dad5830b53f51ff3a562dcc90dffec5f7
Confidence: Not recorded
Unresolved tokens: 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, [𐏐, 𐏐, [𐏐, 𐏐

Machine-generated and unreviewed; this is not a human-reviewed critical translation.

Words in this line

Segmentation and word analysis

Words in line 91
Position	Inscriptional form	Lemma	Analysis
1	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
2	𐎴𐎡𐎹𐏁]𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎶n-i-y-š]-t-a-y-m	ni-stā	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for niyaštāyam; English gloss: order. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
3	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
4	𐏃[𐎢𐎺]h-[u-v]	hau̯/ava-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for hau̯; English gloss: that one. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
5	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
6	𐎠[𐎼]𐎧a-[r]-x	Araxa	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for Araxa; English gloss: an Armenian, son of Haldita. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
7	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
8	[𐎢]𐎫𐎠[u]-t-a [	utā	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for utā; English gloss: and. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
9	[𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
10	𐎶𐎼𐎫]𐎡𐎹𐎠m-r-t]-i-y-a	martiya	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for martiyā; English gloss: man. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
11	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
12	𐎫𐎹𐎡𐏁[𐎡]𐎹t-y-i-š-[i]-y [	haya/taya-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for tayai̯šai̯; English gloss: who. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
13	[𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
14	𐎳]𐎼𐎫[𐎶]𐎠f]-r-t-[m]-a	fratama-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for fratamā; English gloss: foremost, highest ranking. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
15	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
16	𐎠𐎵/𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠a-nu-/u-š-i-y-a	anušiya-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for anušiyā; English gloss: follower. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed

Scholarly traceability

Source and stable identifier

DB3. 91

View line in source Data preparation and notation guide

Source and permission for use

TITUS Old Persian corpus

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Old Persian linguistic data sourced in part from the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, TITUS Project, Goethe University Frankfurt. Used with written permission of the TITUS Project.

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