Inscription line

Darius I, Bisotun (DB1.)

DB1. · 49

Parallel reading

Script, transliteration, and transcription

Old Persian cuneiform: 𐎴𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 𐏐 𐎴𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎶𐎠𐎭 𐏐 𐎴𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎶𐎠𐎧𐎶 𐏐 𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎠𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐏁𐎨𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎺𐎶 𐏐 𐎥𐎢/𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎶
Transliteration: n-i-y : p-a-r-s : n-i-y : m-a-d : n-i-y : a-m-a-x-m : t-u-m-a-y-a : k-š-c-i-y : h-y : a-v-m : g-u-/m-a-t-m
Transcription: naiy : Pārsa : naiy : Māda : naiy : amāxam : taumāyā : kašciy : hya : avam : Gaumātam
Editorial note: Source line has all recorded text layers. Machine-generated and unreviewed

Audio reading of line 49

Synthetic, approximate reading

Duration 0:06

Missing or unreadable parts use a sound cue and an English announcement; reconstructed readings are also announced in English. Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review.

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Listening guide

This file is a synthetic, approximate reading of the Old Persian text. As you listen:

A chime and the phrase “This part is missing or unreadable”: this part of the inscription is lost or unreadable, and no definite reading is available.
The phrase “Possible reconstructed reading”: what follows is a proposed reading of a reconstructed section and is not certain.
Pauses between sections: these separate parts of the reading; the length of a pause does not indicate the number of missing words.

Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review. To understand the text’s meaning, read the translation provided on this page.

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Text source, rights and permission

The text used for this reading comes from the TITUS Old Persian corpus, part of the TITUS project at Goethe University Frankfurt. Rights to the original data, texts and sources belong to their respective rights holders and remain independent of the rights to Parsiandej’s own contributions.

TITUS data is used in this system for educational, research and non-commercial purposes with written permission from the TITUS project. Coordination with the company does not replace any permissions required from the rights holders of the original sources.

Translation and meaning

Recorded English translations

Machine-generated and unreviewedMachine-generated and unreviewed

not · Persia; Persian · not · Mede · not · us · family · who? · who · that one · magus, pretender to the throne

Status: Machine-generated and unreviewed
Generator version: parsiandej-en-literal-b9b9284386e8ad0489cabc25ec9f186dad5830b53f51ff3a562dcc90dffec5f7
Confidence: Not recorded
Unresolved tokens: 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐

Machine-generated and unreviewed; this is not a human-reviewed critical translation.

Words in this line

Segmentation and word analysis

Words in line 49
Position	Inscriptional form	Lemma	Analysis
1	𐎴𐎡𐎹n-i-y	nai̯	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for nai̯; English gloss: not. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
2	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
3	𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿p-a-r-s	Pārsa-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for Pārsa; English gloss: Persia; Persian. · Needs human review Machine-generated and unreviewed
4	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
5	𐎴𐎡𐎹n-i-y	nai̯	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for nai̯; English gloss: not. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
6	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
7	𐎶𐎠𐎭m-a-d	Māda	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for Māda; English gloss: Mede. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
8	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
9	𐎴𐎡𐎹n-i-y	nai̯	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for nai̯; English gloss: not. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
10	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
11	𐎠𐎶𐎠𐎧𐎶a-m-a-x-m	ama-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for amāxam; English gloss: us. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
12	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
13	𐎫𐎢𐎶𐎠𐎹𐎠t-u-m-a-y-a	tau̯mā-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for tau̯māyā; English gloss: family. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
14	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
15	𐎣𐏁𐎨𐎡𐎹k-š-c-i-y	ka-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for kašci; English gloss: who?. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
16	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
17	𐏃𐎹h-y	haya/taya-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for haya; English gloss: who. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
18	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
19	𐎠𐎺𐎶a-v-m	hau̯/ava-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for avam; English gloss: that one. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
20	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
21	𐎥𐎢/𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎶g-u-/m-a-t-m	Gau̯māta	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for Gau̯mātam; English gloss: magus, pretender to the throne. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed

Scholarly traceability

Source and stable identifier

DB1. 49

View line in source Data preparation and notation guide

Source and permission for use

TITUS Old Persian corpus

This tool is developed by Persian Dej and uses Old Persian linguistic data available in the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, affiliated with the TITUS Project at Goethe University Frankfurt, as one of its scholarly and linguistic sources.

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Old Persian linguistic data sourced in part from the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, TITUS Project, Goethe University Frankfurt. Used with written permission of the TITUS Project.

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The TITUS corpus is based on editions by Roland G. Kent, Manfred Mayrhofer, and Rüdiger Schmitt; data entry was completed by S. Gindro, S. Scarlata, and P. Widmer under the supervision of G. E. Dunkel; G. Keydana and J. Gippert provided additions and improvements; A. Sarhadi and M. Esnaashari added the transcription text and cuneiform-to-Unicode conversion; and J. Gippert, J. Martínez García, and M. Esnaashari prepared the TITUS version.

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