Inscription line

Darius I, Bisotun (DB4.)

DB4. · 91

Contains editorial restoration

Parallel reading

Script, transliteration, and transcription

Old Persian cuneiform: 𐏐 [𐎠𐎤𐎢𐎴]𐎺[𐎶] 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡[𐎰]𐎡[𐎹 𐏐 𐎢]𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎳𐎼𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎠[𐎶] 𐏐 𐎱𐎿𐎠[𐎺] 𐏐 𐎡𐎶 𐏐 𐎮/𐎡𐎱𐎡(𐎨𐎡𐏂)𐎶
Transliteration: : [a-ku-u-n]-v-[m] : u-t-a : n-i-y-p-i-[ϑ]-i-[y : u]-t-a : p-t-i-y-f-r-ϑ-i-y : p-i-š-i-y-a : m-a-[m] : p-s-a-[v] : i-m : di-/i-p-i-(c-i-ç)-m
Transcription: : akunavam : utā : niyapiϑiya : utā : patiyafraϑiya : paišiyā : mām : pasāva : ima : dipiciçam
Editorial note: Source line has all recorded text layers. Machine-generated and unreviewed

Audio reading of line 91

Synthetic, approximate reading

Duration 0:25

Missing or unreadable parts use a sound cue and an English announcement; reconstructed readings are also announced in English. Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review.

Download audio

Haman-Ava rights

Listening guide

This file is a synthetic, approximate reading of the Old Persian text. As you listen:

A chime and the phrase “This part is missing or unreadable”: this part of the inscription is lost or unreadable, and no definite reading is available.
The phrase “Possible reconstructed reading”: what follows is a proposed reading of a reconstructed section and is not certain.
Pauses between sections: these separate parts of the reading; the length of a pause does not indicate the number of missing words.

Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review. To understand the text’s meaning, read the translation provided on this page.

Haman-Ava | Intelligent text reading system

This audio file was produced using Haman-Ava, the proprietary AI-based audio production system of Arya Haman Mehr Parseh Knowledge-Based Company.

Any use of this audio file requires prior coordination via the following email address:

info@parsiandej.ir

Text source, rights and permission

The text used for this reading comes from the TITUS Old Persian corpus, part of the TITUS project at Goethe University Frankfurt. Rights to the original data, texts and sources belong to their respective rights holders and remain independent of the rights to Parsiandej’s own contributions.

TITUS data is used in this system for educational, research and non-commercial purposes with written permission from the TITUS project. Coordination with the company does not replace any permissions required from the rights holders of the original sources.

Translation and meaning

Recorded English translations

Machine-generated and unreviewedMachine-generated and unreviewed

do · and · write down · and · read · before · me, mine · after · this (here) · inscription version

Status: Machine-generated and unreviewed
Generator version: parsiandej-en-literal-b9b9284386e8ad0489cabc25ec9f186dad5830b53f51ff3a562dcc90dffec5f7
Confidence: Not recorded
Unresolved tokens: 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐

Machine-generated and unreviewed; this is not a human-reviewed critical translation.

Words in this line

Segmentation and word analysis

Words in line 91
Position	Inscriptional form	Lemma	Analysis
1	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
2	[𐎠𐎤𐎢𐎴]𐎺[𐎶][a-ku-u-n]-v-[m]	kar	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for akunavam; English gloss: do. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
3	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
4	𐎢𐎫𐎠u-t-a	utā	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for utā; English gloss: and. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
5	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
6	𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡[𐎰]𐎡[𐎹n-i-y-p-i-[ϑ]-i-[y	ni-pai̯θ	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for niyapai̯θiya; English gloss: write down. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
7	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
8	𐎢]𐎫𐎠u]-t-a	utā	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for utā; English gloss: and. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
9	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
10	𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎳𐎼𐎰𐎡𐎹p-t-i-y-f-r-ϑ-i-y	pati-fraθ	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for patiyafraθiya; English gloss: read. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
11	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
12	𐎱𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠p-i-š-i-y-a	pai̯siyā	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for pai̯siyā; English gloss: before. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
13	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
14	𐎶𐎠[𐎶]m-a-[m]	ma-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for mām; English gloss: me, mine. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
15	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
16	𐎱𐎿𐎠[𐎺]p-s-a-[v]	pasāva	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for pasāva; English gloss: after. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
17	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
18	𐎡𐎶i-m	i-/ima-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for ima; English gloss: this (here). · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
19	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
20	𐎮/𐎡𐎱𐎡(𐎨𐎡𐏂)𐎶di-/i-p-i-(c-i-ç)-m	dipiciça-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for dipiciçam; English gloss: inscription version. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed

Scholarly traceability

Source and stable identifier

DB4. 91

View line in source Data preparation and notation guide

Source and permission for use

TITUS Old Persian corpus

This tool is developed by Persian Dej and uses Old Persian linguistic data available in the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, affiliated with the TITUS Project at Goethe University Frankfurt, as one of its scholarly and linguistic sources.

Use of TITUS data in this tool for educational, research, and non-commercial purposes is made with the written permission of the TITUS Project.

Ready-to-use source credit

Copy this text into your references

Scholarly use of the data is permitted. If you publish public-facing content that uses these data, include the complete wording below in its references:

These Old Persian cuneiform data were developed by Aria Haman Mehr Parseh Co. (Persian Dej — parsiandej.ir). They use Old Persian language data from the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, affiliated with the TITUS Project at Goethe University Frankfurt, under official permission as one of their scholarly and linguistic sources.

Learn more

The rights to TITUS data, texts, source materials, and core collections belong to their respective rights holders and are independent of Persian Dej’s intellectual-property rights.

Persian Dej rights

The design, software development, proprietary code, algorithms, system structure, software architecture, user interface, methods for processing and presenting information, documentation, and other proprietary content of Persian Dej belong to Aria Haman Mehr Parseh Co. All material and intellectual-property rights in these elements are reserved.

The rights to third-party resources and data, including data from the TITUS Old Persian Corpus — TITUS Project, Goethe University Frankfurt, belong to the original rights holders. Persian Dej uses them in accordance with the licences and permissions it has received.

Ordinary personal and educational use of this tool is permitted under the site’s terms of use. Any substantial reproduction, systematic extraction of information, copying, creation of a database or derivative service, commercial offering, sale, transfer, republication, or exploitation of Persian Dej’s proprietary materials beyond ordinary use is prohibited without written permission.

Requests for use and coordination

For any research, institutional, publishing, commercial, or collaborative use; use of data or services; technical access; reuse of Persian Dej’s proprietary content; or any purpose outside ordinary user use, please contact us at the address below before use so that we can review and coordinate the request:

info@parsiandej.ir

Where a request concerns data or rights belonging to third-party resources or persons, including the TITUS Project and Goethe University Frankfurt, separate permission from the original rights holder may also be necessary.

Old Persian linguistic data sourced in part from the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, TITUS Project, Goethe University Frankfurt. Used with written permission of the TITUS Project.

Scholarly evidence chain and method of use

The TITUS corpus is based on editions by Roland G. Kent, Manfred Mayrhofer, and Rüdiger Schmitt; data entry was completed by S. Gindro, S. Scarlata, and P. Widmer under the supervision of G. E. Dunkel; G. Keydana and J. Gippert provided additions and improvements; A. Sarhadi and M. Esnaashari added the transcription text and cuneiform-to-Unicode conversion; and J. Gippert, J. Martínez García, and M. Esnaashari prepared the TITUS version.

Parsiandej keeps source text separate from normalized forms, dictionary links, rule-based translations, and local corrections so that the provenance of every value remains clear.

View the official TITUS corpus Methodology and scholarly limitations