Inscription line

Darius I, Bisotun (DB1.)

DB1. · 86

Parallel reading

Script, transliteration, and transcription

Old Persian cuneiform: 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎻𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐏃 𐏐 𐎱𐎿𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎣𐎠𐎼𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐏁𐎣𐎠𐎢𐎺𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎺𐎠𐎣𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎶𐏐 𐎢𐏁/𐎲𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎶
Transliteration: a-b-i-š : n-a-vi-i-y-a : a-h : p-s-a-v : a-d-m : k-a-r-m : m-š-k-a-u-v-a : a-v-a-k-n-m : a-n-i-y-m: u-š-/b-a-r-i-m
Transcription: abiš : nāviyā : āha : pasāva : adam : kāram : maškāuvā : avākanam : aniyam ušabārim
Editorial note: Source line has all recorded text layers. Machine-generated and unreviewed

Audio reading of line 86

Synthetic, approximate reading

Duration 0:07

Missing or unreadable parts use a sound cue and an English announcement; reconstructed readings are also announced in English. Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review.

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Listening guide

This file is a synthetic, approximate reading of the Old Persian text. As you listen:

A chime and the phrase “This part is missing or unreadable”: this part of the inscription is lost or unreadable, and no definite reading is available.
The phrase “Possible reconstructed reading”: what follows is a proposed reading of a reconstructed section and is not certain.
Pauses between sections: these separate parts of the reading; the length of a pause does not indicate the number of missing words.

Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review. To understand the text’s meaning, read the translation provided on this page.

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Text source, rights and permission

The text used for this reading comes from the TITUS Old Persian corpus, part of the TITUS project at Goethe University Frankfurt. Rights to the original data, texts and sources belong to their respective rights holders and remain independent of the rights to Parsiandej’s own contributions.

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Translation and meaning

Recorded English translations

Machine-generated and unreviewedMachine-generated and unreviewed

water · crossing possible only by boat · be · after · I · people · hide · heave · other · camel-borne

Status: Machine-generated and unreviewed
Generator version: parsiandej-en-literal-b9b9284386e8ad0489cabc25ec9f186dad5830b53f51ff3a562dcc90dffec5f7
Confidence: Not recorded
Unresolved tokens: 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐

Machine-generated and unreviewed; this is not a human-reviewed critical translation.

Words in this line

Segmentation and word analysis

Words in line 86
Position	Inscriptional form	Lemma	Analysis
1	𐎠𐎲𐎡𐏁a-b-i-š	ap-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for abiš; English gloss: water. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
2	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
3	𐎴𐎠𐎻𐎡𐎹𐎠n-a-vi-i-y-a	nāviya-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for nāviyā; English gloss: crossing possible only by boat. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
4	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
5	𐎠𐏃a-h	ah	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for āha; English gloss: be. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
6	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
7	𐎱𐎿𐎠𐎺p-s-a-v	pasāva	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for pasāva; English gloss: after. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
8	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
9	𐎠𐎭𐎶a-d-m	adam	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for adam; English gloss: I. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
10	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
11	𐎣𐎠𐎼𐎶k-a-r-m	kāra-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for kāram; English gloss: people. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
12	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
13	𐎶𐏁𐎣𐎠𐎢𐎺𐎠m-š-k-a-u-v-a	maškā-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for maškā.uvā; English gloss: hide. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
14	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
15	𐎠𐎺𐎠𐎣𐎴𐎶a-v-a-k-n-m	ava-kan	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for avākanam; English gloss: heave. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
16	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
17	𐎠𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎶a-n-i-y-m	aniya-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for aniyam; English gloss: other. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
18	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
19	𐎢𐏁/𐎲𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎶u-š-/b-a-r-i-m	ušabāri	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for ušabārim; English gloss: camel-borne. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed

Scholarly traceability

Source and stable identifier

DB1. 86

View line in source Data preparation and notation guide

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TITUS Old Persian corpus

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Old Persian linguistic data sourced in part from the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, TITUS Project, Goethe University Frankfurt. Used with written permission of the TITUS Project.

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