Inscription line

Darius I, Bisotun (DB2.)

DB2. · 22

Contains editorial restoration

Parallel reading

Script, transliteration, and transcription

Old Persian cuneiform: 𐏐 𐎣𐎠𐎼𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎺 𐏐 𐎹𐎰𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎠𐎼𐎿 𐏐 𐎶𐎠[𐎽𐎢]𐏁 𐏐 𐎴𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎺𐎼𐎭𐎴𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎠/𐎭𐎡𐎹
Transliteration: : k-a-r-a : a-š-i-y-v : y-ϑ-a : m-a-d-m : p-r-a-r-s : m-a-[ru-u]-š : n-a-m : v-r-d-n-m : m-a-/d-i-y
Transcription: : kārā : ašiyava : yaϑā : Mādam : parārasa : Māruš : nāma : vardanam : Mādaiy
Editorial note: Source line has all recorded text layers. Machine-generated and unreviewed

Audio reading of line 22

Synthetic, approximate reading

Duration 0:11

Missing or unreadable parts use a sound cue and an English announcement; reconstructed readings are also announced in English. Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review.

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Listening guide

This file is a synthetic, approximate reading of the Old Persian text. As you listen:

A chime and the phrase “This part is missing or unreadable”: this part of the inscription is lost or unreadable, and no definite reading is available.
The phrase “Possible reconstructed reading”: what follows is a proposed reading of a reconstructed section and is not certain.
Pauses between sections: these separate parts of the reading; the length of a pause does not indicate the number of missing words.

Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review. To understand the text’s meaning, read the translation provided on this page.

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Any use of this audio file requires prior coordination via the following email address:

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Text source, rights and permission

The text used for this reading comes from the TITUS Old Persian corpus, part of the TITUS project at Goethe University Frankfurt. Rights to the original data, texts and sources belong to their respective rights holders and remain independent of the rights to Parsiandej’s own contributions.

TITUS data is used in this system for educational, research and non-commercial purposes with written permission from the TITUS project. Coordination with the company does not replace any permissions required from the rights holders of the original sources.

Translation and meaning

Recorded English translations

Machine-generated and unreviewedMachine-generated and unreviewed

people · move · as · Media · arrive · Median city · name · place · Media

Status: Machine-generated and unreviewed
Generator version: parsiandej-en-literal-b9b9284386e8ad0489cabc25ec9f186dad5830b53f51ff3a562dcc90dffec5f7
Confidence: Not recorded
Unresolved tokens: 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐

Machine-generated and unreviewed; this is not a human-reviewed critical translation.

Words in this line

Segmentation and word analysis

Words in line 22
Position	Inscriptional form	Lemma	Analysis
1	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
2	𐎣𐎠𐎼𐎠k-a-r-a	kāra-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for kārā; English gloss: people. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
3	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
4	𐎠𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎺a-š-i-y-v	šiyav	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for ašiyava; English gloss: move. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
5	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
6	𐎹𐎰𐎠y-ϑ-a	yaθā	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for yaθā; English gloss: as. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
7	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
8	𐎶𐎠𐎭𐎶m-a-d-m	Māda	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for Mādam; English gloss: Media. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
9	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
10	𐎱𐎼𐎠𐎼𐎿p-r-a-r-s	parā-ar	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for parārsa; English gloss: arrive. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
11	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
12	𐎶𐎠[𐎽𐎢]𐏁m-a-[ru-u]-š	Māru	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for Māruš; English gloss: Median city. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
13	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
14	𐎴𐎠𐎶n-a-m	nāman-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for nāma; English gloss: name. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
15	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
16	𐎺𐎼𐎭𐎴𐎶v-r-d-n-m	vṛdana-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for vṛdanam; English gloss: place. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
17	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
18	𐎶𐎠/𐎭𐎡𐎹m-a-/d-i-y	Māda	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for Mādai̯; English gloss: Media. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed

Scholarly traceability

Source and stable identifier

DB2. 22

View line in source Data preparation and notation guide

Source and permission for use

TITUS Old Persian corpus

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Old Persian linguistic data sourced in part from the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, TITUS Project, Goethe University Frankfurt. Used with written permission of the TITUS Project.

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The TITUS corpus is based on editions by Roland G. Kent, Manfred Mayrhofer, and Rüdiger Schmitt; data entry was completed by S. Gindro, S. Scarlata, and P. Widmer under the supervision of G. E. Dunkel; G. Keydana and J. Gippert provided additions and improvements; A. Sarhadi and M. Esnaashari added the transcription text and cuneiform-to-Unicode conversion; and J. Gippert, J. Martínez García, and M. Esnaashari prepared the TITUS version.

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