Greece and Rome

From about 2500 BC،The migration of some Aryan tribes from the north to Greece began. The existence of scattered islands and many mountains, as well as tribal prejudices, caused the Greek tribes, despite some cultural commonalities ،to live separately and independently. Thus in Greece gradually ، State of transitory cities emerged .

Greek city-states were in competition with each other and were constantly fighting each other. in Greek history ، Government _ cities Sparta And Athens They are more famous than others. The way of government and the education of the people of Athens and Sparta were different from each other, these two had fierce competition and enmity . The people of Sparta were famous for fighting and considered it their pride . They got their sons used to hard sports and physical training from their childhood . Their military training was very hard and exhausting. Of course, fighting was important among the people of Athens. :But the people of Athens are more famous for their interest in government and democracy and the spread of scientific and philosophical ideas .

At the same time as the government of the Greek cities ، Achaemenid rule The power of Asia was undisputed and its conquests were expanding in Asia Minor. As a result of the conflicts, there were battles between Iranians and some Greek cities that continued for a long time. .

Alexander the Macedonian !

Economic prosperity and certain terms of leaders such as Pericles led to significant advancement of Athens and its subordinate cities, however, competition and enmity between Greek city-states continued. .

They were divided into two main groups, with Athens at the head of one and Sparta at the head of the other. The Achaemenid government secretly fueled their differences and provided financial aid to Sparta. . The civil wars of Greece known as the Peloponnesian Wars ،It continued for years until it led to the victory of Sparta . In this way, the Achaemenians took revenge on the Athenians by the hands of the Greeks themselves . The Spartans also took revenge on them by conquering Athens and humiliated the people of Athens . However, it didn't take long before they were defeated by another city government named Thebes . In this way, it weakened the internal differences of Greece in such a situation Flip Macedonian who was the ruler of Macedonia in the north of Greece, was able to win over the Greeks in several wars .

After Philip, his son Alexander the Great went to Asia Minor with the troops he gathered from all over Greece (Turkey today) He came from there to Egypt and conquered that land, then with Shaar (( Revenge of the Greeks against the Iranians )) He went to Iran and in a situation where the Achaemenids were weak due to differences, he was able to defeat the Iranians in the war and advance to the north of India. . Alexander died on his return from Babylon . Since Alexander had not appointed a successor for himself, there was a war between the commanders of the Han army for years until one of his generals named Antigone dominated Greece

Culture and civilization in ancient Greece :

religion : Greeks believed in many gods, many people in the world believed that phenomena such as the sky ،the earth ، Thunder and lightning ، war ، love and beauty ، Each science has a special creator, some of them are in the sky and some others are on the earth

According to the Greeks, the location of a number of gods on top of the mountain Olympus That is why the sports competitions that were held every few years in the city of Olympia had religious roots ،Competitions Olympic In our era, it is a relic of these competitions

Science and philosophy : Science and philosophy made great progress in ancient Greece because : ۱: The Greeks were very interested in scientific discussions 2 : Greek trading ships used to come and go to Egypt and Asia Minor, and in this way many of the scientific achievements of the people of Asia reached Greece.: It is known that after the invasion of Iran, Alexander found the great Achaemenid library in Persepolis and before setting it on fire ، He ordered their books to be transferred to Greece .

From Rome to Rome :

At the same time that Greece is in its prosperity period ، In the northwest of it, that is, in the Italian peninsula, there lived peoples who were far behind the Greeks in terms of culture and civilization, one of the important cities of these peoples was the city of Rome. . The Romans had a republican government, they were constantly at war with their neighbors, that's why warfare was very important among the Romans. .

In the third century BC, the development of Roman conquests caused that with the government Carthage become neighbors and fight each other over economic interests and maritime routes . The Carthaginians took their title from their capital, Carthage (In current Tunisia) They had many parts of the coast of North Africa and the islands of the Mediterranean Sea . The wars between the Romans and the Carthaginians lasted for more than half a century, finally with the bravery of the Carthaginian general Hannibal. ، The Romans won and to the government of Carthage they terminated .

The Romans gradually added to their possessions and created a vast country by conquering Egypt and Asia Minor, thus the rule of Rome Roman Empire Became . The excessive expansion of the Roman territory caused problems for that empire . The neighborhood of the Romans with the Iranian government was the beginning of many problems in the destiny of the two countries. Until now, the Romans were very familiar with the government of Iran at that time. Parthians They did not have a neighbor, which caused many wars that continued until the end of the Sassanid period. These wars caused the weakness of both countries. .

Problems and reasons for the weakness of the Roman Empire:

AFrom the 3rd century AD, the Roman Empire faced problems that gradually weakened its power. One of the causes of these problems was the excessive extent of the empire's territory. . the emperor Constantine He chose the city of Byzantium as the capital in the east of the empire . This action was the beginning of the division of Rome into two eastern and western parts .

After that, Western Rome began to decline due to the continuous attacks of desert tribes, and unlike Eastern Rome, due to the possession of rich lands, it continued to exist for a long time until its capital was in the hands of The Turks It was conquered, thus one of the great empires of the world became extinct .