Ancient Iranian tribes and civilizations and a brief comparison with the present era

In a pure belief, they have said a calculation from the words of the professor : Any heart that does not beat for Iran is better that it never beats. In this sentence, there is a requirement to beat for the love of Iran, but even despite the word never, there is no imperative negation of beating, and there is no negative view of beating, at least two of the great Achaemenid emperors.( Cyrus and Darius - both, great -) They have had such an attitude towards Iran, and they have respected not only human beings, but also every living thing.

If we believe in the beating of hearts for Iran, then we should have the language to say why and why and be honest about everything, if we don't raise troublesome questions in the university even in the master's degree to increase the power of thinking, if we get caught in the dry shell of our brains and are emotional and fanatical about Islam. Let's look at the identity of our ethnicity and nationality if we don't address the main causes of great civilizations not being creative and creative; If we don't avoid all kinds of reductionisms, if we don't get new ways of looking at the world, if we don't find nobles to all levels of consciousness.

If we don't believe in freedom of expression and freedom after expression, if we don't understand our mental delusions, if we don't find a suitable solution for our common pains, then how can we have a strong heart to beat on the path of Iran, Iran is a country with a great and beautiful history. The civilization of its late years shines like a jewel on the darkness of civilization.

One of the flourishing periods of its civilization took place in the Achaemenid era. For this reason, the approach of my talks is to talk, talk, and talk about this period and compare it with the current period.. But more than that, the plateau of Iran and its inhabitants should be addressed. The Iranian plateau is one of the largest plateaus in Asia. It has an area of ​​more than two million six hundred thousand square kilometers and the current country of Iran is located in the center and west of this plateau. The country of Pakistan and a large part of Afghanistan, which used to be part of Iran's territory, is in its east, and the republics of Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan, which were also part of Iran, are in its north..

Before the Aryans settled all over the plateau of Iran, tribes lived in the center, Maghreb, south and north of it, which divide them into two categories of prehistoric and historical people..

a thousand) Prehistoric people: The people of this period lived in Iran thousands of years before the Christ era, they were of various races, because there is no script or writing from them, we call them people more than history.. And they mostly lived on the hills by the rivers, and we find out about their existence from the clay arrow or stone arrow discovered with such a tool.

The oldest statue of these people is made of bone and a stone knife handle from more than 6 A thousand years ago proves their existence.

In terms of clothing, they tied a loincloth around the waist and wore a hat at night. These people knew copper, melted it and mixed it with tin, and turned it into bronze. In Lorestan and other regions of Iran, there are statues of gods and demigods. These relatives have been found. Gilgamesh in the middle of the river (Mesopotamia) He was among the semi-Khadians in Lorestan and had the status of a god among the Kasis. Two horns were seen on his head, which was a symbol of God among these people. Their most important civilizations are Silk civilization (Sialk) near Kashan, Gyan near Nahavand and Hisar civilization near Damghan and Anu in Merv and Hasanlu civilization in West Azerbaijan and Marlik civilization in Chirag Ali hill in Gilan River and Shush civilization in Khuzestan. Prehistoric man believed in life after death. They buried their dead in their houses in the form of dolas and left containers full of water and food next to them to use them in resurrection after death..

The god of these people was the god of matter, and they called him the mother god or the god of abundance, and they believed that the mother god offers many blessings from her breasts..

B) The historical period before the Aryans : Other peoples who lived in the plateau of Iran before the Aryans and whose writings have been left behind or whose names appear in old documents and inscriptions, are called historical people..

The Elamites in Khuzestan, Zagros, Bakhtiari, the Goths, the Lulobis, and the Kasis in the north, the Naha and the Oratus, whose name Mount Ararat took from them, the Amardas, the Tapuris by the Caspian Sea. (Caspian) Among these tribes, some ethnologists have called these tribes Asian and said that they have a separate race from Semites and Aryans.. After that, we reach the period of the Aryans

Iranian Aryans : Aryans are of Indo-European race

Indo-Europeans : A- Western Indo-European "1- German 2- Latin 3- Slavic 4- Anglo-Saxon" b) East Indo-European (Jamiat on two nations) 1- India 2- Iranian and Armenian

Analysis of Aryan periods :

1ـ Asar and Dai

The period shared by the Iranian and Indian Aryans is called the Vedic Age, this age is called the Book of Vedas, which is the age of its poems. 2000 They have been studying the Vedic era since the year before Christ. It is mentioned in the Veda book that the Aryans lived in a vast land called "Aryeh Vartha" which means the pastures of the Aryan shepherds..

Social organization of Aryas in the Vedic age :

The central nucleus of the Aryan organization was the family, which was headed by the father, which in the Vedic language was called pati pati or pitri, meaning protector and supporter, which in Iranian language is father. . In German it is called Peter and in English it is Father. The tribe was made up of several "Vise" and several Gotras and Gotras.

Religion and beliefs: Vedic people had simple and clean beliefs, they worshiped most of the manifestations of nature such as the sun, moon, stars, sky, mountain, river and dawn, they sacrificed for them. Their great gods are

Indra, the god of thunder and war - Varuna, the god of the starry sky, Mitra, the god of the sun - Agni, the god of fire

Avesta era :

The Aryans, who had migrated to the west, settled in the east of the Iranian plateau and gave their name to this plateau, and that land was called Airiya or Iran from then on.. Because Ayiri means Aryan, and Anh, which is the suffix of place, means place and location, and both of them together mean the place of Aryans.. Because the great spiritual leader of the Aryans in this era was a prophet named Zoroaster, this period has been called the Avesta era based on his book. 1000 until the 1400 They know the year before Christ.

In the book of Avesta, the main dwelling of Aryans is "Iyer Ya Ne Vich"(Iran Vij) It is called during this period Iranian Aryans In general, it became different from the Aryans of the Indo-Aryan period due to the change of climate and living conditions, the way of thinking Iranian Aryans The creation of the world changed. Zoroaster, who is the first Aryan monotheist prophet, had a tremendous impact on this change.

The legend of creation – Avesta : In the book Bundesh, which is in Pahlavi language, it is said about the creation of the world: Hormuzd (Mazda) He started the creation of the world and created light.

For three thousand years, the world was a spiritual and Minoan world. So Ahriman saw the light and attacked it and was defeated and fell asleep for three thousand years. Hormazd created the world and in the beginning he created the sky, good thoughts, fire and angels. After that, create water, earth, trees, and the four ends and the end of man. From the creation of Hormuzd, the first animal was the cow and the first human was the heir. Ahriman woke up from sleep and laziness and for three thousand years he was busy creating bad things that all arose from darkness, during this time his will is mixed with Hormazd's will.. He scatters annoying and poisonous animals such as snakes and scorpions on the earth. Then he attacked the cow created by Hormazd and made him sick and killed him. After that he mixed fire with smoke and darkness. Hormuzd Divan's assistants were his children. After that, the demon of death overcame Kiyomarth. The seed of Kiyomarth fell into the earth and a tree like rhubarb grew from it. The fruit of that plant was two people who rose from the soil and they were called Meshik and Meshiank, and they are Adam and Eve of Iran.. They are the ancestors of mankind, and from their generation, various races emerged. Zoroaster appeared three thousand years after the creation of Kyomarth, and during his prophethood there were no more than three thousand years left in the world.. Because according to the ancient Zoroastrians, the life of the world was twelve thousand years, and they say that at the end of the last millennium, a promised one will appear from behind Zoroastrian and end the demonic rule over the world..

Fictional kings : The great nations and civilizations of the world each have stories and legends that are usually rooted in the facts, beliefs, beliefs and memories of the people. (Written in prose) and rhyme (Written in order) Like Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, it has colorful sources of history mixed with legends and stories. In such a topic and category, we can mention Pishdadi kings, Kayanians and Shahans of Aspeh..

پیشدادیان: The first king on the earth of Keumerth.

Hooshang, the finder of fire, the founder of the celebration of the century, the spreader of the rule of law and the creator of the law for justice.

Jamshed During his period, there were storms, snow and severe cold. To prevent this storm, Jamshid built a garden called Veze Jamkord, he placed healthy and beautiful people in it, and gathered a healthy and strong pair from every animal, and in this way, the human race and saved the animals from the danger of destruction.

Jamshid introduced iron to the people, taught people how to smelt iron, spin, weave and sew clothes, threw ships on the seas, instituted Nowruz, claimed to be God, and God's fury moved away from him and Zahak prevailed over him. The Avesta is named after him as Azhdi Hak, meaning Dragon of Ten Flaws, with the devil's kisses on his shoulders. 2 A snake appeared and ate the brains of the youth (What some rulers do without having a snake) This period is mixed with mysterious events such as Frank fleeing to the forest and entrusting his son Fereydoun to a farmer to drink milk from a rich cow, Kaveh Ahangar's uprising and then Fereydoun's rise to power, the land was divided between Fereydoun's children. (Iran to Iraj) (Rome to Salem) And (tour to tour) was deposited. After that, the kingdom of Nozhar and Zab emerges

Kianyan: including Kiqbad-Kikaus-Sivash, which is the mourning and condolence of the surviving Iranians for the mourning of this chaste and young prince.

کیخسرو The most prominent is Shah Pishdadi

Some believe that the Kayans are a substitute for the Achaemenids or are inspired by it. They have taken Kaus as the equivalent of Kamboja and Kykhusro instead of Cyrus the Great. Because public opinion has forgotten the names of the Achaemenid kings, their heroic deeds and memories have been attributed to fictional kings..

King's Horse like the: Lahrasb and Ghstasb, Arjasb, Jamasb and Bahman

Official and registered governments before Islam in Iran

1- Medes 2- Achaemenids 3- Non-Iranian kings, Alexander's successors (Seleucids)4- Parthians 5- Sasanians

The rule of Mad : The Medes were Aryans. At the beginning of the 7th century and the end of the 8th century, they founded the Median state in two parts: 1- Madragiana, Greater Madia including the central and western regions of Iran up to Kurdistan and the Zagros Mountains. 2- Small Madia, which included Azerbaijan and its surrounding areas..

Herodotus mentioned this date and name 4 He brought some of the kings of the Medes 1- Dia Ako, its founder 700 2nd year BC, 633-655 BC, 3rd Hovakhstra (633584 BC) 4- Azhi Dehak (584 ـ 550 BC) Cyrus' maternal grandfather

The Achaemenians adopted a large part of their civilization from the Medes. In Persepolis, the Medes are seen with felt hats and long-sleeved coats..

Some works of Mad :

1- A stone lion statue next to the city of Hamedan 2- A man's face at the head of the Zahab bridge 3- A crypt near Kermanshah with the image of Forohar carved on top of it 4- A crypt in Lorestan, Iran 5- A man's body praying in Deno Ishaq Vand, Kermanshah

The Medes had the religion of Mazdasena, their clergymen were called Maghs, the Maghs had a lot of influence, the Medes were strict with the defeated tribes and under their hands, this caused many of the generals and soldiers of Aji Dahak to join Cyrus during the uprising of Cyrus.. Linguists consider Khalkhali, Tati, and Harzandi dialects to be remnants of the Madi language in Azerbaijan and small Madia. Their language was not drastically different from ancient Persian, but it was different from it in dialect..

Achaemenids

Achaemenians are considered Persians. The Persians were Aryan people whose date of arrival in Iran is not known. His name appears in Assyrian inscriptions from the 9th century BC. From the same date, they formed a small state in Anshan, which was located in the east of Shushtar and around Karun, which first obeyed the government of Elam and Assyria and then the government of Media.. Their ancestor Achaemenid brought all the Persian tribes under his command.

Head of the Achaemenid dynasty, Chish Pesh (675740 BC) He was the son of Achaemenid, who had the title of King Enshan.

Achaemenids then went to Pars from Khuzestan and named that state after themselves and annexed it to their government.. Therefore, we see that the name or Fars is derived from the name of the Persian people.

Chish Pesh II had two sons. Aryaramne (Aryaram) and Cyrus II, whose children form two branches of the Achaemenid family.

From the time of Chish Pesh I to the reign of Cyrus the Great, six kings reigned in Pars, and their capital was in the city of Pasargad.. The seventh Achaemenid king is Cyrus the Great or Cyrus the Great.

The Great Cyrus (559529 BC)

Cyrus the Great, who is the seventh king of the Achaemenid dynasty, was the son of Cambogia II. His name is mentioned in the books of "Cyrus".. We don't know anything about his youth other than the legends mentioned in Bonani's books. Both write that: Aji Dahak, king of the Medes, had a terrible dream because he was afraid that a powerful person would become his rival. On the advice of Maghan, he gave his daughter to a woman named Kambojie II, who was a calm and obedient man. Cyrus was born to this woman whose name was Mandana. His elder, Aji Dahak, was raised in Mad. Then he returned to Pars and 559 B.C. sat in the place of his father Bashahi and this year is the beginning of the history of the Iranian empire.

Imperial Foundation of Iran : Because Cyrus wanted to bring all the Iranian Aryans under one roof and to unite Medes and Persia and form a great government, he used Aghi Dahak to attack Medes due to the dissatisfaction of the people.. In the year 550 BC, Hamedan fell and the Median state became extinct. It is from this date that after the union of Media and Persia, a great state called Iran was created, whose imperial founder was Cyrus the Great..

The conquest of Lodia – Cyrus the Great : The fall of Medes and the rise of Persia made the government of Lodia, whose king at that time was Croesus, the son of Aliatus, extremely savage.. He allied himself with Nebonid, the king of Babylon, and Amasis, the king of Egypt, in order to take advantage.

Cyrus, who learned about the mobilization of Croesus' army, came to Asia Minor and captured Cappadocia.. After the fierce battle that took place between the two armies, Croesus retreated to Sardis, his capital, without resisting.. After conquering Lydia, Cyrus treated Croesus well and made him one of his advisers, then Cyrus expanded his territory to the Sea of ​​Marmara and the Mediterranean in Asia Minor..

Conquest of Babylon – Cyrus the Great : After the conquests he made in the east of Iran and brought the boundaries of the vast country of Iran to the river Sihun or Syr Darya and built a city named after himself on the side of that river, Cyrus thought of conquering Babylon..

As we said, don't forget, the king of Babylon had previously allied with Croesus, the king of Lydia, against Cyrus, and Cyrus did not trust his friendship.. Another thing is that in Babylon there was a lot of moral corruption, violence and oppression, and the people of Babylon were very cruel to the captives they had taken from the surrounding kingdoms.. Because the cause of the fall of Babylon was ready from every direction, Cyrus in the spring 539 B.C. He crossed the Tigris River and entered the land of Chaldea. In order to pass the great dam that Bakht Nasr, the former king of Babylon, built in the north between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, he ordered to change the course of the Euphrates and pass through its bed that passed through that dam.. After that, he went to the north and attacked a part of the army of Babylon and cut off the communication of that army with that city.. Then his general Gebreas entered that city from the south without strong resistance from the Babylonians. Nebuid the king of Babylon surrendered and his son Belshazzar, who was the commander of the Babylonian army and was still standing, was killed..

Cyrus entered Babylon with glory and without committing murder and bloodshed like the previous kings, and he came to the temple of Bel Marduk, the god of Babylon, who was highly respected by the people, and was crowned there with all his majesty. (539 BC) He ordered his soldiers to be kind to the people of Babylon, then he ordered to release all those who had been captured by the former kings of Babylon from neighboring countries and imprisoned in that city.. Among these freed people were the Jews who were brought from Palestine to Babylon after the destruction of Jerusalem and the extinction of the Jewish state by the King of Babylon.. The Jews, who constituted a large minority in Babylon, were imprisoned or under surveillance in that city for nearly forty years.

Cyrus, who was a perfect human being and had a healthy nature, thought for the first time in the history of mankind to spread true justice in his territory and establish equality among all, therefore, he issued a statement in Babylon that can be He called it the first declaration of human rights.

Declaration of Cyrus : "I am Cyrus Shahjahan. the great king. the mighty king. their king. King of Babylon. King of Sumer and Akkad. King of four countries. Son of Kamojieh, grandson of Cyrus the great king, king of Anshan. When I entered the wing with peace and reconciliation and amidst the cheers and happiness of the people in the palace (Kings of Chaldea) I sat on the royal throne, the great Lord Marduk inclined the hearts of the noble people of Babylon towards me. Because I was thinking of honoring him every day. My many armies entered Babylon. I did not allow enmity to set foot in Sumer and Akkad. The chaos of Babylon and its temples and shrines impressed me. The people of Babylon have reached their goal and got out from under the yoke of Bedin oppressors, and I prevented the destruction of their houses and did not let the people fall from existence.. Marduk, the great Lord, was pleased with my works. Because I was honoring his high-ranking divinity from the bottom of my heart. He blessed me, who am Cyrus, and I sanctify his divinity, and my son Cambogia, and all my armies.. All the kings who sit in the palaces of the kingdoms of the world from the Sea of ​​Babylon down (Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf) And the Arab princes, who live in tents, brought all their tax collectors and offered sacrifices at my feet in Babylon and kissed my feet.…

I said that the gods who were in the cities on the other side of the Tigris and had been brought to Babylon should be returned to their place so that they may remain there forever.. I brought all the inhabitants of those cities back to their place and made their houses prosperous. He had brought the gods of Sumer and Akkad to Babylon, which he did not know, and caused the anger of the Lord of Gods (Marduk) It was done, I gave them a home in their palaces which are called "Shadi Del" by the order of that Lord.

I pray to the gods who have returned to their cities in my hands that they are in front of me every day (Two great Gods): Bel and Nabu should pray for my longevity and ask Marduk, my lord, to prolong the life of Cyrus the king and his son, who are new admirers.

Liberation of the Jews by Cyrus the Great : After settling in Babylon, Cyrus freed the captives of the Jewish people, whose number reached fifty thousand, and told them to return to their city of Jerusalem and settle there, and told them to destroy their place of worship, which was destroyed by Bakht Nasr, at the expense of the imperial government of Iran. It was made to rebuild and return all the gold and cement vessels of that temple that were looted from there to their place..

In 537 BC, the Jews returned to Palestine with a caravan of over 40,000 people, led by one of their elders, Zor Babul..

This chivalry of Cyrus in freeing the monotheistic Jewish people from captivity caused that in the Torah, which was once again collected and edited by the religious scholars at the command of Cyrus, his name is mentioned with respect and reverence and he is called the savior.. as stated in the Torah: God says to his Messiah, Cyrus, I took his right hand to subdue the nations before him, to untie the loins of kings, to open the doors to him.