Rokhshai, the first assistant of Iranian artificial intelligence Rokhshai, the first assistant of Iranian artificial intelligence
Antiquities and historical values

What is Hammurabi's law?

 

Hammurabi's law is engraved on a stone inscription two and a half meters long and one and a half meters wide, above which there is an image of a man who is bowing and receives a tablet from Shams, the god of sunshine and justice.. This stone inscription, which has the oldest and most complete human laws written on it, is approx 4000 It belongs to the previous year.

The copy of this inscription is available in the Museum of Ancient Iran and the original has been transferred to the Louvre Museum in Paris

l Hammurabi (1792 until 1750 B.C.)He was one of the greatest rulers of Mesopotamia, a warlike leader, a sophisticated politician, and a precise lawmaker. Historians disagree about the years of Hammurabi's reign.. The prevailing opinion is that he between the years 1704 until the 1662 He reigned before Christ

Hammurabi's set of laws, considering the time of its compilation, is considered one of the legislative masterpieces. The discovery of its epitaph put an end to the claim of those who considered the laws of Rome and Greece to be the only source of the current and most prominent laws.

It has been said that Hammurabi's set of laws, after the destruction of Sumer, was written based on the ancient laws of the Sumerians and their habits and customs, and most of its contents are from the set of laws that the king “And” It was edited and adapted

The basis of Hammurabi's laws is not based on the religion and the will of the king and the desires of the carnal desires of this and that, but based on the observance of current customs and traditions, and observance of the interests of the community.

The text of the law includes an introduction and a conclusion, in a literary and informative way. Between the introduction and the conclusion, there are a set of laws that 49 The vertical column is written in cuneiform,

Will Durant, a famous historian, has given about this law:

"The spirit of this great law of fifteen centuries was in force with all the changes that occurred in the country, only minor changes were made in some of the circumstances"

What are Hammurabi's laws about?

Laws 1 To 5 About the principles of trials

Laws 6 To 25 About theft and punishment of thieves

Laws 26 To 41 About the duties of government employees

Laws 42 To 65 About agricultural affairs

Laws 66 To 99 (this 35 The matter has disappeared and there is incomplete information about them. Apparently, this was done by the hand of the king of Elam and after the aforementioned stone slab was transferred to Susa, in order to engrave new materials instead of deleted ones.)

Laws 100 To 127 It is about business, contracts, debts and retailers

Laws 128 To 191 Family laws

Laws 192 To 214 About punishment and retribution

Laws 215 To 252 About the professional rights of doctors, architects, farmers and peasants

Laws 253 To 277 About rent

Laws 278 To 282 About slavery

Examples of Hammurabi's laws

1-If a man accuses another man and accuses him of murder, but cannot prove it, the accuser will be sentenced to death. .

5- If the judge announces a ruling, make a decision { or }issues an opinion and signs and seals according to the standards and then changes his ruling, the relevant judge must be held accountable … And it should 12 to pay the punishment given in that ruling … .

22- If a man commits theft and is caught, he will be sentenced to death .

23- If the thief is not caught, the man who was robbed must explain his stolen property in the presence of God and the city and rulers in his province. … If a theft has occurred, they must compensate for everything that was stolen from them… .

55- If a man opens his waterway for irrigation and neglects it and the water covers the nearby field, he must pay the grain based on (Damage ) The adjacent farm should pay … .

109- If bad people gather in the wine seller's house and he does not arrest those bad people and bring them to the palace, that wine seller will be sentenced to death. … .

195- If a son beats his father, his hand will be cut off .

196- If a man blinds the eyes of another man, his eyes will be blinded … .

229- If a builder builds a house for someone and does not build the building flawlessly and the house he built is ruined and causes the death of its owner. … He will be sentenced to death .

and other examples …

– If a man signs a sealed contract with his wife when donating a farm, orchard, house or goods to her, the wife's children should not make a claim against her after her husband's death..

– If a person chooses a wife for his son, but he also embraces that woman, that person should be tied and thrown into the water..

– Anyone in this land can transfer the ownership of his property to his wife or daughter.

– If a man has an interest in another person's wife but it doesn't work out, that person should be arrested and half of his hair should be shaved..

– If a woman was a wanderer and as a result neglected her home and husband, her punishment is death.

The full text of the Law of Hammurabi in English

Click on the link below to download Hammurabi's law book

Rokhshai, the first assistant of Iranian artificial intelligence Rokhshai, the first assistant of Iranian artificial intelligence

Shamshad Amiri Khorasani

Knowing the history and culture of Iran is like entering a world where nothing awaits us except love and honor and sometimes sadness, maybe our history is stored in the memory of our genes so that we can use it to expand self-awareness and self-awareness. .

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Mohammed

Thanks to your site and your useful content, I wanted to send some content for full review by friends . I am waiting for constructive criticism from dear ones.
Hi
What is clear is that Iran's social and educational system before the invasion of the Arabs and the influence of Islam was completely class-based and the general public did not have the right to education, and education except for the classes of princes and Zoroastrian priests was limited to religious matters, and there was no education in medicine, philosophy, geometry, or pharmacy. There was no physics or even poetry, no books, works, or even scientific stone inscriptions or pottery were found, while at the same time as Cyrus the Great, the sciences of philosophy, medicine, pharmacy, geometry, physics, and history were found in Greece, and Aristotle, Plato, and Archimedes and Thales, Pythagoras, Ptolemy, Socrates, Hippocrates and …They had invented different sciences, and the Achaemenid and Sassanid kings were only thinking of destroying science and human civilization and invading neighboring countries and border cities to expand the borders from east to west, and the dark age of science and poetry continued before Islam, and if Religious books in the temples were destroyed due to the invasion, no trace of the continuation of Greek science and no trace of the book was found underground or inside the houses, there are no names of poets and scientists, and the fake claim of burning non-existent books is only storytelling for domestic consumption and The justification for not discovering even the calculation of a simple Pythagorean equation about the chord of a right-angled triangle by the people of this region is (The length of the chord is equal to the sum of the squares 2 is the other side) Even in the form of inscriptions and clay , Poetry and other sciences and literature have grown in this region under the shadow of Islamic civilization after Islam ( triangle – Square – circle – The geometry – Coercion – triangles – logic – Philosophy – History – Account – parallel – Line - point - numbers – equal – Subtraction - division - multiplication – plural - number – letter – word - word – Book – note book – Pen – Paper – cardboard – Poetry – the poet – bit – stanza – Row – Rhyme – Quartet – an ode – Masnavi - Kliat – 2 bitty – Quartet – Nazm-prose and..all are Arabic words that 1300 It has been used in this way for years and they do not have a Persian or Sasanian equivalent, and maybe it has been in these decades that they have tried to translate it into Persian, while the texts of the past cannot be disguised and changed.) .Unfortunately, according to the historians of the victorious countries in the First World War and the defeated Islamic countries in previous periods, Iranians have tried to distort history in order to cover this great defect with the false claim of burning all non-existent books for political purposes and creating differences in ethnic groups. And if there was a collection of books in Jundi Shapur or Mada'an or any other city, it was definitely forbidden to publish and forbidden to the public, and maybe it was a single copy of the books of the Greek or Elamite civilization, and finally the Akkadians and Sumerians. ( We don't need proof for a document that was burned and we can claim anything because we don't have proof and we exempt ourselves from providing proof.) The issue of history-making and hero-making and racial and ethnic superiority in Iran and the newly separated countries from the Ottoman Empire and North Africa and even Central and South Africa was raised by the colonial countries so that they could confidently support a minority, either an ethnic minority or a religious minority. put them under the rule of the majority and have made history for them so that these countries can continue to dominate the countries of the region for a long time. 2 The group looked on skeptically 1 The group of government historians and the second group of historians of colonial countries.
If tribes have entered this plateau from the forests of Siberia in different eras, they have certainly occupied this land through war and invasion, burning civilizations and destroying native tribes, otherwise no nation will give the simplicity of its land to invaders and invaders..
Alexander's attack on Persepolis and the center of Rabbi Menshiyan's rule was to prevent repeated attacks of Rabbi Menshiyan on the civilization of Egypt and Rome and the civilization of the Indus River and Trans-Nahr and the opening of this people's country in the east and west, and maybe it was the burning of Athens by King Xerxes.(In ancient Greece and Rome, at the same time as the imperial government, Rabbi Menshian was the owner of the emperor, the senate, sciences, scientists, and many books, while in these governments, there was a king and a minister and they ruled over everyone.).
We all like to think of ourselves as having civilization, culture and a superior race, and this is natural, and others are savages, but it should be taken into account that this false illusion and lies, which are sometimes ignored due to political issues, cause great problems. It is a false vision for us and has consequences for coexistence within the territory and relations between neighboring nations, and it will gradually create hidden hatred between cities, ethnicities and nations, which should be avoided, and the view of racial superiority should be corrected on principle and without prejudice. Appreciating the occupation of Iran by Islam and the possibility of public education and monotheism, the growth and prosperity of Iran and many scientists and poets from Iran were handed over to human society after Islam. They were not Aryans 8 It started a thousand years ago in Mesopotamia and human civilization has fluctuated in different time periods due to wars, but it is certain that the date of the beginning of human civilization and the invention of the first human line (Cuneiform ) And dividing day and night into 24 hour and divide the hour into 60 minutes and divide each minute into 60 seconds and the invention of musical instruments and dividing the year into 2 Summer and winter seasons and many modern rituals, including the first summer festival and the first winter festival, which were later called Nowruz and Mehrgan festivals by these Sumerian tribes, and nearly 100,000 Sumerian inscriptions in cuneiform remain, so instead of thanking Islamic civilization and Muslims should always be ungrateful just because of abandoning the religion of Zoroastrianism and consider others as barbaric and nomadic tribes for the purposes of colonization and consider ourselves as the owner of an illiterate civilization that only invades neighboring countries and opens up the country without the least help in the direction of development. and the flourishing of human science.
If the size and number of cities and the wealth of the empire of the Rabbis of Menshis, Parthians and Sassanids compared to the size of Greece during the time of Cyrus the Great and up to Yazd Gerd, the last Sassanid king, and the time interval 1200 Years after Aristotle to Dar al-Hikma Baghdad and the translation of Greek texts there, the time interval of Greek scholars 2500 We should compare the previous year 100 and maybe 1000 We have scientists equal to the number of Greek scientists and many times higher than Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, Hippocrates, Euclid, and Archimedes, but where are they except for hollow drums and claims and conquest of other nations and countries and a few carvings and inscriptions in the mountains? that according to the kings and in order to praise and praise themselves, nothing exists, so there is no other way, we have to claim the burning of non-existent libraries to divert the public's opinion..
When from the side of Islam to Muslims ablution 5 once a day, and finally, purification and bathing with clean water became obligatory in Sassanid Iran, the rule of Zoroastrian religion for women to purify themselves after menstruation. 2 The order of washing was in cow's urine and then washing with water.
A necessary condition to prove the claim of a prophet from God for a person :
1. The coming of the names of a number of prophets before him and the introduction of the name of the prophet after him is in that book.
2. The coming of the name of this person in the heavenly books is before him and also after him.
While there is no mention of Zoroaster, Avesta, Brahma, or Buddha in the Qur'an, Bible, Torah, and Psalms, nor is there a name of Abraham, Adam, Noah, Moses, or Jesus in the Avesta..
The religion of Zoroastrianism became the official religion of Iran by the sword during the time of Ardeshir Popkan, the founder of the Sassanid dynasty.
If you see that from our point of view, at one point of time, we call it an empire and the expansion of the country, it is certain that at other times we were the colonies of the emperors of other nations, because the countries and governments on this continental plateau were called kings and dynasties. ( Sassanians-Persia and Parthian-Greeks, Abbasids, Arabs, Seljuks, etc… Turkish for a thousand years and Pahlavi in ​​appearance from Persia, but in fact Reza Shah's father was from Baku and was a Kazakh soldier, according to the policy of the British government, the origin of Reza Shah was hidden, which was recently revealed by Farah Diba. (The soldier standing next to the photo of Mirza Reza Kermani, the murderer of Naseruddin Shah, was the same father of Reza Shah).One must ask why in the Pahlavi government, no one had the courage to investigate the origin and descent of Reza Shah in this recent century, which is the contemporary era, that is, how hidden is contemporary history that even Reza Shah's daughter-in-law was not aware of it until recently, and her husband's grandfather He didn't know, so it can be concluded that if the queen doesn't know the grandfather of the king or if they don't let him know, how about a thousand years ago or 2000 the previous year or 2500 A year ago, these historical narratives could be true with some details. Like Rome, we did not have senate assemblies and a government system, and all policies were determined by the head of government.
We should examine the theories and writings of historians and analyze them with logic and rational deduction and come to a conclusion, not fanatically obey them all..
Opening the country to neighbors and war between 2 The country is considered, of course, from the point of view of the nations of the invading country, it is considered barbarism and killing, although in our own books, which are for domestic consumption, we call the attacks on the border cities of Rome and Central Asia the wars of Iran and Rome and the suppression of the barbaric tribes across the Nile, and vice versa. We have to see from the point of view of these nations, do they consider us civilized or civilized? We should also look at the high school history books of those countries so that we don't fall into the illusion of social disintegration and structural racism. Because our country is not one nation and one religion, and whatever the elders of the nation say, the rest accept like sheep..
If we rename Mesopotamia and(In recent years) Let's call it Middle River, so we shouldn't expect others not to change the names of our waterways to Arabic. Proper nouns should not be translated.
There are many narrations that for example the table 7 The word "Sin" is only for demagogues and it is completely wrong, because in Tajikistan, instead of the "Sin" Arabic alphabet, they have seven "Sin" tables, which should be used for the ancient table and customs. 7 In Tajikistan, Shin made another reasonable and perhaps demagogic story.
Examining the opinions of critics of the Parse fire
Criticisms have also been made to the issue of Parse fire. I wish the critics would be more careful and read the archaeologists' reports.
However, among the various criticisms, the criticism of Dr. Ahmad Hami, the father of Iran's concrete science, is very distinguished and respectable and based on reason and not prejudice.. Dr. Hami writes according to the type of stones used in Parse:
"I have said and written that Persepolis did not burn, and I have checked this from a chemical point of view. Persepolis is built on limestone, and with limestone. ... If Persepolis was burnt by fire, the stones on the top of its body must have been cooked in the flames, and the stones on the bottom of the body and its floor must have collapsed under the burning objects.. Rain and snow water, with the shell of baked limestone, has given a composition of lime bloom and washed it. The stones that were recently taken out from the ground, especially the plinth and floor stones, are all intact, and the ax of the stonemasons of the Achaemenid period still remain on them.. This also means that Persepolis did not burn" Hami, 1354:p 26 .
While the students of the same teacher, due to false prejudice, resisted the words of their teacher due to these lies and tried to present deviant hypotheses in order to prevent the reformation of the minds of the Iranian society due to this great lie in their history.(with details of how to start a fire ).
And if this opinion is correct, it should be about the rest of the other stories and narrations and away from prejudice about its completeness and exploitation and… It was viewed with doubt by biased historians, so one should listen to the opinions of the opponents without bias and then draw a conclusion with rational reasoning..
The burnt city belonged to the Indus civilization 2000 They were in the Iranian plateau years before the invasion of Aryan tribes.
The Persian script is derived from the Arabic alphabet, if the Arabic alphabet is taken from this script instead 32 letter 23 The word remains (They do not have Farsi pronunciation) Maybe approx 50% The dictionary of Dehkhoda words are directly Arabic. Regarding the root of other words, you can refer to Dehkhoda's main dictionary book.
The so-called Persian numbers are the same as Islamic and Indian numbers.
So if in a country like Syria, a dictatorship happens after a massacre between neighborhoods in one city and the massacre of the people of cities and religions by the people of other cities and religions, nevertheless, all of these are pardoned by the government if they put down their weapons. While in the great country of Iran, the neighbor has not been killed by the neighbor, but the spread of hatred and the supremacy of the Aryan race is rampant, and if there is destruction and killing in the war between countries, it is completely natural..
All of us Iranians love Nader Shah, regardless of the nation, tribe, tribe, and race, while from the eyes of the people of India, who 2 The bar has been under rare attack, it is a reminder of fear combined with hatred, and this is the essence of power, quoting history is useful, but praising and honoring the kings is actually an implicit approval of their killings and aggressions in the campaigns against the neighbors of that time, which are now the neighbors of They are ours today, and we consider ourselves to be the accomplices of those empires, inadvertently or intentionally, and it is completely inappropriate..
The same lovely Cyrus who captured Babylon without a fight on the way to Babylon 2 He set Mesopotamia city on fire, but we deny it, while it is mentioned in the Arab sources, and these are all relative and there is no absolute. It was good from our side, there was no war and killing, but there are certainly other angles that the colonial historians do not raise. History should be examined and deduced with logic and reason, and this should also be taken into account. Historians could not 100% They should quote it correctly, where the narrative has been scientifically questioned on major issues, how have they created history on minor issues. An example of that is the burning of Persepolis by Alexander, which has been scientifically rejected, now for the details of the story. they have done.
So please remove our knees from the throats of other nations so that they can breathe, and this is the nature of an empire and power that is repeated in history. How do we know that our children will not put their knees on the throats of others after reaching a superpower like today's America?. So if we claim that Iran 2500 The previous year it had expanded from east to west, certainly this expansion was not accompanied by peace and blessings ( They do not give charity in the Halwa war) So repeating this discussion of the empire in a selective way is only in 2500 The previous year, seeking superiority over others and systematic humiliation of other ethnic groups will not lead to anything other than hatred and social disintegration, while the same plateau of the continent was expanded by emperors from across the Nile from east to west and was under the domination of other ethnic groups, so if all If they repeat our claim, there should be other bloody wars in this plateau, because they can have a territorial claim based on their own past, and the frequent reminder of these cases is more to our own detriment than to the detriment of others, and it shows our wrong habit of racism, and certainly The rest of the nations will stand tall in front of us and look down on us.
Until the different ethnic groups of Iran cannot protect their mother tongue against the Persian language of the capital under the pretext of losing unity and unity, and read in their own language and write in their own script, whether in the provincial radio or in schools within the province. If they have, we will not be able to defend our civilization and culture against foreigners and they will recognize us with the racial stigma that wants to eliminate other cultures. . Greatness is not a claim, greatness is the opposite of respect for culture, language and civilization. When we do not value the ethnic groups and languages ​​within the borders, how can we claim a high culture and civilization in the region and our neighbors? to have internal languages ​​and claiming to eliminate the Turkish language in Azerbaijan (Due to the fact that in the past these have been similar to the same principle of residence and territorial claim of the Bani Israel in Palestine 2 a thousand years ago) And similar claims against the Arabs, Kurds, and Baluchis, on the other hand, they also defended themselves and questioned our culture, language, and civilization, and until we do not allow the development and education of languages ​​and try to act with assimilation. The rest of the dialects and languages ​​should be resolved in the Persian language, the Persian language and Iranian civilization will never be able to grow and excel because they will take steps to weaken us by reminding us of our weak points..
As when Iran was under the supervision of the Abbasid caliphs during the time of the Turkish Ghaznavids, Ferdowsi Kabir was allowed to compose Persian poems by removing Arabic and Turkish words, and it was a completely mono-racial and mono-lingual movement. ( At a time when it was contrary to the language of the rulers of his time ) It was done by Ferdowsi (He was faced with the lack of development and acceptance and continuation by the poets after him ) And the Turkish kings caused the growth and revival of the Persian language. Let's reciprocate the central government by reviving other languages. Are we willing to allow the growth of the pure Kurdish language without Arabic and Persian, or the pure Turkish language without Persian? On the contrary, we have tried to humiliate other languages..
in China with 1.5 billion population and the communist government of banknotes in the form of 5 language with 5 The script is printed differently, and so far because of this variety of script and language, they have not been worried about unification, or in the United Kingdom, Wales, the neighboring country of England, and maybe 100 It is not far from London and it is a part of the United Kingdom. The Welsh language and script are completely different from English and there is no problem with England because it has its own identity and the central government has recognized it. For example, we can remind the Turkish minority in Iran in 1989 About 40% The population of Iran was included, but after 25 The year of their protection due to the policy of homogeneity of languages ​​and dialects and migration to the center to work 30% has decreased and this minority is not a small minority that can be completely resolved .
Regarding the ownership of scientists and poets to Iran after the Islamic civilization, a general framework and format should be reached. We are not allowed to include the scientists of Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, because at one point in history these countries and ethnic groups were members of the Sassanid and Achaemenid empires. Even though they were named Iranians, they were tributary to the center for a few centuries.
(Unfortunately, even though in these eras, there is no name of any scholar, scientist or poet in these dynasties) And these countries had and still have personality and identity, and this claim is an insult to the neighbors .
On the other hand, Greece, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan can claim ownership of all of them for mutual reasons (The period of Greek-Macedonian Parthian rule – Islamic caliphate centered in Baghdad – The Ghaznavid Empire centered on Ghaznin, Afghanistan – The Khwarazmshah Empire centered on Khwarazm and …)
It is like the people of England consider the scientists of Australia, Canada, India and Bangladesh as belonging to England (Because the head of these countries was chosen by the Queen of England at one point) Or these areas have been colonized by the British.
We must learn to remove our knees from the throats of other nations and abandon repetitive and Zionist politics from sea to river and respect each other at the public level and correct the culture of ingratitude and ungratefulness towards Islamic civilization. Quoted from the Holy Prophet (ص) It is narrated that do not insult the idols of the infidels, because if you insult their idols, they will also insult your God..
May you be stable, kind, and successful, regardless of your ethnicity, tribe, religion, or religion.

on me

Greetings and courtesy
You wrote very logical and convincing words.

Armin

Hello, what do you think of Cyrus the Great's charter? Now many people are comparing with him and insulting Cyrus the Great

Afshar

Hello
Is it possible to send me the Farsi text?

mehdi

Your content was good. I liked it. I used it a lot. Also, if you want to visit my blog, my blog is historical

hossien

Hi
In addition to thanking you, I am a graduate student of criminal law for my research. I need the file of Hammurabi's law book.
Thank you very much

do me

درود
Thank you so much

do me

Please explain to me what tribes the Iranians were formed from and that they were among the Nehrians

do me

درود
Shamshad Khan asked my wife's family, they believe that Alexander's ancestors were from Phoenicians, the Phoenicians were Arabs, but Alexander went to Yuyan and became a citizen of Greece, the document is a tablet in the city of Razqiyya, Syria, they know, to be honest, I am confused. I don't know where this infamous piece of history is now
Thank You

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