In his charter, Cyrus the Great speaks of the praise of Marduk, the Babylonian god. And that's why people who are mostly not looking for the truth call Cyrus an idolater. But these people apparently do not have the ability to understand more complex issues beyond superficial topics and terms.
In this article, we will try to answer the question, is he a pagan according to the charter of Cyrus, or is the truth something else?!
religion Kourosh what was big
the writer:Majid Khalekian
Taken from Khordegan's website
Checking a misconception (Kourosh and Marduk)
One of the things that has always been discussed by researchers, religion Kourosh have been. About that Kourosh What religion he had, there is a difference of opinion, but probably Kourosh He has and worships one of the Iranian rituals Mazda have been; Although other theories and hypotheses are also proposed in this regard. But these days we see that some people intend to abuse this issue and superficially state that Kourosh He was a pagan!! In this article, we intend to have references to the sources and the opinion of several historians about it Religion of Cyrus express.
At the beginning of the discussion, it is not bad to look at Soumand Hassan Pirnia's analysis about religion Achaemenids It should be mentioned that it is a good explanation about the ritual in a concise and useful way Achaemenids have given. He is in the history book Ancient Persia is writing:
Achaemenid kings did not have religious fanaticism. That is, they left each nation to its own beliefs... Greek historians were neither precise nor detailed about Iranian religions.. What is inferred about this matter are the generalities obtained from the Avesta and the inscriptions and works of the Achaemenid kings.. Based on these documents, it seems that the Achaemenid kings were followers of the Zoroastrian religion (Pirnia, 2008: P. 134).
We know that in the inscriptions Kings Achaemenid after Cyrus the Great, among others Dariush Big, who was a relative of Cyrus, Ahura Mazda is honored and is presented as the great god who created the sky and the earth..
According to Xenophon's report, Kourosh He takes advantage of religious men named "Maghan" and calls them for religious practices (Nick: Cyrus Name of Xenophon, book 4, section 5, paragraph 14)Many researchers, according to this article and other works, Religion of Cyrus It is considered to be connected with the tradition of Madzi.
Mary Boyce writes that Kourosh Like his ancestors Zoroastrian has been and one of the important things he paid attention to is the fire temples Pasargad He pointed out that the reminder of the ritual Zoroastrian There are also some Greek sources that are of considerable value to the Mughans in the court Kourosh have considered (Dandamaev, 2011Nick: Boyce, 1988).
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad That his view about Zulqarnain (ع) And Cyrus was noticed by the people of research, and today Cyrus is the most likely option for Zulqarnain It is mentioned, he considered the religion of Cyrus to be related to Zoroastrianism and believed that Cyrus was a follower of the religion founded by the famous prophet of Iran, Zoroaster. (Nick: Religion of Cyrus according to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad).
Max Malvan In his article that History of Iran Cambridge has been published, although it talks about the lack of documents about the Zoroastrian religion of Cyrus, but it considers the common points between the behavior of Cyrus with the teachings of Zoroastrianism and the principles of Zoroastrianism, and it is possible that he was influenced by Zoroastrianism. (Malwan, 1387: P. 494).
Even though he mentions his personal religious beliefs Kourosh We have little knowledge, but he believes that the evidence clearly shows his Iranian customs. According to sources such as the book of Ezra and Babylonian texts about Kouroshhave spoken and also referring to the previous researches, this is the case:
The theme of "fixing all that was broken" is a view associated with Ahura Mazda. Ahura Mazda, or the Wise God, represents order in the universe, while Angre Mino represents disorder/falsehood.. If we read these texts in the framework of Iranian ideology, we get a clear Iranian/Medize view of the king, who as the representative of Ahura Mazda, order (In Avesta: Ashe, and in ancient Persian: She showed him) returns to the earth (Sea, 1393: P. 23).
This is while the works left by Pasargad that tomb Kourosh It is located there, showing Iranian traditions, including several stone fire temples, the remains of the lotus flower motif at the entrance to the tomb. Kourosh which is connected with Mitra and... (The same: P. 25) These cases show us that probably, if Cyrus did not have Zoroastrian religion, he at least followed an Iranian religion - perhaps one of the pre-Zoroastrian Iranian religions..
Of course, we must not forget that Zoroastrianism underwent changes during the Sassanid period, and in evaluating the religion of Cyrus the Great, we must realize that our criterion for evaluating Cyrus's religion is not Sassanid Zoroastrianism.. It seems that innovations and distortions occurred in the Sassanid period and this is because we do not observe some Sassanid Zoroastrian decrees in the Parthian and Achaemenid periods or cases contrary to them in Iran before Sassanids I see.
For more knowledge about developments in Zoroastrianism see: A brief look at the evolution of Zoroastrian religion
Cyrus, Marduk, Iranian rituals
But some claim that Religion of Cyrus With Marduk (Babylonian God) has been in communication. This issue can be considered as a hypothesis (Although loose) but the behavior of people who mostly have an anti-Iran approach is interesting! they Kouroshparticle for direct object Heathen They read and attribute false things to him. There seems to be such a connection between Achaemenids And Iranians did not exist with Marduk, and many works show that Cyrus had a close connection with Iranian rituals..
About the relation of ritual The Great Cyrus with Marduk usually to the cylinder Kourosh It is cited that Marduk is praised in it. The same cylinder inscribed with Babylonian traditions.
There are many debates here, firstly, is it appropriate to compare the Babylonian religion and customs with the customs of peoples like the Arabs of the Jahili era and see them all with the same eye?!
In the next stage, special attention should be paid to Babylonian traditions. In the Babylonian language, the word we now call God, Marduk has been and this is a natural issue that Marduk be mentioned as God in a cylinder inscribed in the Babylonian and Middle Babylonian tradition. This does not mean that, for example, the Babylonian priests wrote this cylinder without the knowledge of Cyrus the Great, but it shows Cyrus' tolerance towards Babylonian traditions and not that Cyrus was a Marduk worshiper; Babylonian traditions should not be equated with the behavior and beliefs of the Arabs of the Jahili era (There are assumptions that the Cyrus cylinder was written by Babylonian priests and in the commemoration of Cyrus.).
What it seems is that the worship of Marduk had no place in Iran; If you worshiped Cyrus Marduk, shouldn't there be a significant and pervasive effect of it on the children, relatives and people of that period?
However, the worship of Marduk and the Babylonian customs continued in Babylon because the deep-rooted religious beliefs of the Mesopotamian people prevented Cyrus the Great from carrying out reforms as he wished. (Khinji: P. 238). The people of Babylon were involved in their religious beliefs and rulings, and it is not possible to expect Cyrus to act against their beliefs all of a sudden during his first arrival in Babylon, and for example, disrespecting the god Marduk, who certainly had the utmost respect and interest among the people of Babylon. ignore. However, the change of some common customs among these people also required the passage of time and Chinese introduction.
Another point is that there are similar behaviors and respect for other religions by Cyrus. For example, behavior The Great Cyrus It is famous in history with the Jewish people. After the conquest of Babylon, Cyrus the Great gave permission for the Jews to return to Jerusalem, and even people became responsible for dealing with the situation of the Jews..
Such behavior in the eyes of others Kings Achaemenid who even openly worshiped Ahura Mazda can be seen, and we will mention a few cases below..
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The successor of Cyrus the Great, namely, Cambogia, acted like his father after the conquest of Egypt. He ordered his troops not to plunder the city, and it is clear from the remains that Cambodia respected the Egyptians' beliefs.. For example, there is an inscription in hieroglyphic script on the headless statue belonging to the high priest's son, which contains these contents.:
When Cambogia, the great king and the king of all countries, came to Egypt, there were many men with him from different countries. He found all the kingdoms in this country.. Then the king went to the temple of Sais and prostrated himself before the goddess Nita... She called me a great physician, and by the king's order I gave good lands to the priests, I fed the children, I did useful work for the destitute and the orphans, and by the king's order, I saved everyone from great troubles (Muhammad Panah, 1384).
The contents of this inscription are reminiscent of the cylinder of Cyrus and have an obvious resemblance to it. It is hard to imagine that in one generation after Cyrus, the next king will suddenly accept Egyptian rituals. Therefore, it is quite logical that this issue was a well-established behavior in the Achaemenid dynasty, and its continuation in the later days makes this issue clearer..
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What about time Dariush It is important that inscriptions in MadRe Achaemenids It was written and we get to know more about their native religion. In the inscriptions Persian ancient DariushAhuramazda is clearly praised and considered a great god.
However, the policy of respecting different religions continued, so that Darius's behavior is reminiscent of Cyrus and Cambogia's behavior.. In the age of Dariush Again, another group of Jews rebuilt their temples, and this shows Darius's respect for their religion (Badamchi, 1391: P. 20). Respect for native beliefs can be seen in the works left from Egypt.
Dariush's respect for the native religions of Egypt is evident in the inscriptions left by him in Egypt. Behind the famous tablet of Darius in that country, there is an Egyptian inscription, and above this inscription is the image of the god Ra. (Winged sun tablet) And the role of Happy Gods is seen performing the ceremony of tying lotus and papyrus flowers. Interestingly, Dariush in Egyptian works pharaoh It is read and his name in Egyptian inscriptions Andreyush it is registered (Muhammad Panah, 1384: P. 90).
This behavior of Darius in Egypt is completely reminiscent of the behavior of Cyrus in Babylon, but it is clear that Darius the Great worshiped Ahura Mazda and even in the inscriptions that Persian Anciently found in Egypt, Ahura Mazda was praised.
The statue of Darius the Great with the style and style of Egyptian art
Paganism and religion of Iranians
In general, the idolatry of the Arabs has never been widespread in Iran, and many religious scholars point out that Iranians have never been idolaters.. For example, Ayatollah Javadi Amoli says:
Sheikh Eshraq has been quoted as saying that we did not have a non-unified and non-divine sage in Iran. This Sheikh Eshraq is from Sohrorud, one of the remote villages of Iran. You will rarely find a place and a city that does not have pride. These great men have risen from Dehi like Sohrud, the mass of people. were not polytheists, We did not have pagans and atheists in Iran. Verse 17 of Surah Hajj put the Magi against the polytheists, a group was found at that time called Thanavi, which is another word. (Jamaran, 1391).
Also, Babylonian rituals and customs did not have a place in Iran where Marduk and its related statue would be praised by Iranians.. Despite the fact that before Cyrus and after Cyrus, the praise of Marduk had no place in Iran, it seems unlikely that Cyrus suddenly became a worshiper of Marduk.. Meanwhile, there are evidences of Cyrus's worship of Mazda, which seems much more reasonable.
This issue that Kourosh It has been praised by Babylonians and Jews and each had different religions, it shows that Kourosh According to Iranian traditions, he had a kind of tolerance towards different religions, that is why he has been praised in Babylonian and Jewish texts..
We know that in addition to Babylonian sources, Kourosh He has been highly praised in the works of the Jews and even considered a savior from God, so is it only according to these texts Kourosh should we consider Jews?!
Of course, in the discussion of Cyrus' religion, considering the specific beliefs of the Jews, their sources become particularly important. Jews are prominent as monotheists and praise Kourosh In their sources, it is noteworthy because Allameh Tabataba'i writes in Tafsir al-Mizan with regard to Jewish texts.:
The Jew, with the prejudice he has towards his religion, never calls a polytheist man as the Messiah, his Lord, his guide, his confirmation, and his servant. (Tabatabai, 1363: P. 660).
These cases show the monotheism of Cyrus, of course, Cyrus had a kind of tolerance towards other religions according to Iranian rituals..
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Pasargad And how Cyrus was buried
Many object to the way Cyrus' body was placed in his tomb and claim that it is against Zoroastrian beliefs.. Although several hypotheses have been proposed regarding the placement of Cyrus' body in his tomb, which we will discuss below, but first of all, we must define our framework from Zoroastrian beliefs.. Is the existence of Zoroastrian jurisprudence sources that we have today enough to fully and accurately get familiar with the rulings of the Zoroastrians of the Achaemenid and Cyrus eras?! It was mentioned before that in evaluating the religion of Cyrus the Great, we must understand that our criterion for evaluating the religion of Cyrus is not Sasanian Zoroastrianism.. According to various sources including Achaemenid inscriptions, Greek sources and works left by Ancient PersiaIt can be said that many Iranians were Mazda worshipers and considered themselves followers of Zoroaster, the ancient Iranian prophet.. But over time, changes occurred in the religion of Zoroastrianism and various religious traditions were formed among Iranians. But during the Sassanid era, great changes took place in Zoroastrianism, which is known as Sassanid Zoroastrianism.
For more knowledge about developments in Zoroastrianism see: A brief look at the evolution of Zoroastrian religion
These cases were mentioned to emphasize that if a person's body was buried in the Achaemenid period and was not placed in a crypt, it is not necessarily a proof that he is not a Zoroastrian, because it is possible that the rules of that era were different for Zoroastrians and different Iranian tribes.. We know many of Kings Achaemenid have been buried and an inscription has been left from them that identify themselves as worshipers of Ahura Mazda; By the way, they are relatives of Cyrus the Great.
Regarding the ceremonies of the dead in the customs of the Iranians of the Achaemenid period, we come across different traditions in the sources.. In his history, Herodotus only says with certainty about the rituals of the Magi that the dead body was torn apart by birds or dogs. (History of Herodotus, book 1, paragraph 140) But Herodotus called the Magi only one of the tribes Madhe knows (The same: Book 1, paragraph 101). On the other hand, we know that Kings Achaemenid are also buried and probably rituals Parsand MadThere have been differences.
When we put these things together, it seems that the custom of the tomb was originally a local custom among one of the tribes. MadI see (Mughan) And maybe some other Iranian tribes. Then (Maybe after a few centuries) Probably, when this spectrum gained more power, they sought to make it universal.
What is said in the sources about the rituals of Cyrus' lifeless body is interesting because it directly refers to the presence of Zarathustra. (It probably means a Zoroastrian magician or priest) Refers. Another important point is special religious ceremonies.
According to the things mentioned in Pythagoras' travel book, Cyrus was first buried in Akbatan and in the soil, then to honor him, his body was placed in a coffin and Pasargad brought. Finally, the coffin of Cyrus is placed in a building of Cambodian works with Mughan ceremonies! In this statement, the famous will of Cyrus is also mentioned, which was quoted by Xenophon, in which Cyrus ordered that his body be buried. (Xenophon's Cyrus Letter, book 8, section 7, paragraph 25)According to the travelogue of Pythagoras, in fact, Cyrus's will was fulfilled at the beginning and he was buried in the soil of Akbatan and later he was taken to Pasargad. (See: The burial of Cyrus the Great according to Pythagoras).
There are doubts about the authenticity of this saying, and probably the date of writing Fethaghoth's travelogue after Alexander's attack It belongs to Iran, so one should act cautiously in its historical acceptance.
In any case, there have been several opinions about the location of Cyrus' body in his tomb, none of which can necessarily be against his Zoroastrianism and Mazda worship, because there were probably different traditions for the burial of Mazda-worshipping Iranians.. Cyrus may or according to tradition Parshas been placed in his tomb or according to the tradition of Mughans who were part of the Medes; We know that the father of Cyrus Pars And his mother Mad have been.
Here we will mention a few and review them briefly.
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The body in the coffin and on top of the tomb:
One opinion says that the body of Cyrus was placed in a coffin in the upper part of the tomb. Cyrus' accessories were placed next to his coffin, which after Alexander's attack It has been hijacked by unknown persons. In this way, we observe the lack of contact of the body with the soil, which is reminiscent of the Mughan tradition.
The existence of a sarcophagus in the upper part of Cyrus' tomb, in the sources related to اسکندر Quoted. Aristobulus, one of the companionsاسکندر About the tomb of Cyrus, some things were mentioned and recorded by Arrian in the book of Anabasis. In this source, it is mentioned that the lower parts of the tomb were made of square stones and there was a chamber on top of the tomb.. Inside that chamber, there was a golden coffin in which the body of Cyrus was placed And a bench with golden legs was placed next to the coffin. There were other items in the compartment such as a cloak with sleeves, various clothes and also a table. An interesting point is the existence of a place for clerics in the tomb of Cyrus who took care of the tomb (Arrian, 29.1-11).
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The body in the body of the tomb:
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Burying the body in the ground:
There are many findings that Iranians buried their dead in the Achaemenid era. The burial of the dead has made some to consider the Achaemenid religion as opposed to the Zoroastrian religion! But many references in the Achaemenid stone inscriptions as well as Greek sources show that Zoroastrian religion had a significant place and the kings had a clear tendency towards it..
It was mentioned before that the custom of the crypt was originally a local custom among one of the tribes of the Medes (Mughan) It has been and later (Maybe after a few centuries) They sought to make it universal. Of course, it is not unlikely that Cyrus, whose mother was a Median, was placed in his tomb according to this custom, which, according to Greek historians, at the same time اسکندر who have visited the tomb of Cyrus, it seems like such a ceremony.
However, since the Achaemenid era, many graves have been found from all over the country, all of which are evidence of the burial of the dead. In many parts of the Iranian empire, it was common to bury the dead on the floor of the house. This custom was also current in Mesopotamia, in Syria and in Palestine. The clay floors of these houses were dug at the edge of the walls and the dead were placed in it. In more aristocratic and stronger houses, instead of the courtyard floor, they used to break the floor of the room. The simple way of burial was wrapping the dead in a shroud and burying them. The more luxurious type was that the dead person was placed in a storage pot and then placed in a pit.. Apparently, split and sometimes broken lip hives were used for this purpose. For young children, pans and basins and mud pots were used (Girshman, 2008: pp. 165-167).
The most famous burial of the Achaemenid dead is related to the emperors of the Achaemenid dynasty, and interestingly, there are inscriptions from them that identify themselves as worshipers of Ahura Mazda.. When we compare these inscriptions with the Greek sources - in which the name Zoroaster is clearly mentioned - it seems that the Achaemenid kings were Zoroastrian..
So, if we assume that Cyrus the Great was buried in the beginning, which some sources such as Xenophon's Cyrus Letter also mention in Cyrus's will. (Xenophon's Cyrus Letter, book 8, section 7, paragraph 25) It did not have any contradictions with the worship of Mazda of that era, because it seems that there was no such prohibition in the rulings of various Iranian tribes during the Achaemenid period, which happened to be Zoroastrian, and the spread of the custom of the crypt is related to the post-Achaemenid era..
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final word
From the available evidence, it can be concluded that Kourosh According to his character and behavior, he is a monotheist and most likely a religious follower Zoroastrian have been. The worship of Marduk has not had a special place among Iranians, and the connection between Cyrus' religious beliefs and Marduk is very unlikely..
It is said by some that Kourosh He was a Jew because of his support for the Jews! If we assume that what they said is true, was being a Jew considered a sin at that time? Should we criticize the likes of Hazrat Daniel who were followers of Judaism in that era? Anyway, according to various evidences, respect for various religions during the Achaemenid era, including respect for the Jewish religion, was one of the policies of the Achaemenid era, and it seems very unlikely that Cyrus was Jewish..
Cyrus the Great as the most likely option for Hazrat Zulqarnain (ع) It is mentioned in the Holy Quran (For more knowledge see: Zulqarnain) Therefore, according to the confirmation of many religious scholars, such a person mentioned in the holy books was a monotheist and a follower of divine religions..
Of course, our information from that time and Cyrus may not be enough, which makes the task difficult, and it is not possible to find out 100% the exact beliefs of Cyrus, although such conditions exist for other historical persons, but probably Kourosh He has and worships one of the Iranian rituals Mazda have been.
-Out of the article- Also, regarding Cyrus and the charter, it is not without benefit if we refer to the Holy Quran, verse 2 of Surah Mubarak Ankabut, where the Lord says:
Do people think that they will be forsaken to say, “We believe,” and they will not be tried?
Have people thought that just by saying that they believe, they will be freed and will not be tested?!
From this verse, it can be concluded that people are not counted as believers and unbelievers just by saying that they believed or not, but it is the actions of people that show the true faith and belief of the heart..
In the same context, it is mentioned in Tafsir Al-Mizan in the Tafsir of verse 2 of Surah Ankabut:
So the purpose of the surah, as it is used from the beginning and the end and the current context throughout it, is that : God Almighty's purpose for people's faith is not only to say that they believe in words, but the purpose is the truth of faith, which is not shaken by the storm of seditions, and the change of events does not change it, but the more seditions press, It becomes more established and rooted.
(See: Commentary on verses 1-13 of Surah Ankabut)
So it is better not to judge people based on their words.
Bin Mayeh and help letters:
- Khalekian, Majid; Parsa, Puria ( 6 aMordad ۱۳۹۴). «What was the religion of Cyrus the Great?». Merchant base.
Raiatari address: http://kheradgan.ir/?p=388
– (۲ Avalanche ۱۳۹۱). “Ayatollah Javadi Amoli: Paganism and atheism did not exist in ancient Iran“. Jamaran information and news base.
- Pirnia, Hassan (۱۳۸۸). History Ancient Persia. Volume 1. Tehran: Suphradb.
- Badamchi, Hossein (١٣٩١). Command Cyrus big, Tehran: Contemporary look.
- Khanji, Amir Hossein. "Achaemenid Empire, part of Cyrus the Great". History of Iran. pp. 220-255.
- Marine, Toraj (۱۳۹۳). Cyrus the Great, the ancient king of Iran. Translation FireJalilian village. Tehran: Birch.
- Tabatabai, Seyyed Mohammad Hossein (۱۳۶۳). Tafsir al-Mizan. Translated by Seyyed Mohammad Bagher Mousavi Hamdani. Allameh Tabatabai Scientific and Intellectual Foundation.
– Gray, Louis (Spring and summer 2012). "Achaemenidians and Zoroastrianism". The growth of history education. Translated by Hossein Heydari. No. 12.
- Girshman, Romeن (۱۳۸۸). History of Iran From the beginning to Islam. Translated by Mohammad Moeen. Tehran: Sepehr Azb.
- Xenophon (١٣٨٩). The life of Cyrus. Translated by Abolhassan Tahami. Tehran: the look.
- Malvan, Max (۱۳۸۷). "The Great Cyrus". At History of Iran Cambridge. Volume 2, Part 1. Translated by Timur Qadri. Tehran: Moonlight.
- Mohammad Panah, Behnam (۱۳۸۴). Secrets civilization Ancient egypt. Tehran: Greens.
- Herodotus (١٣٨٩). History of Herodotus. Translated by Morteza Saqib Far. Tehran: Myths.
– Arrian of Nicomedia. “Alexander and the tomb of Cyrus”. translate by Aubrey de Sélincourt . Livius.
– Boyce, Mary (1988). “The Religion of Cyrus the Great,” in A. Kuhrt and H. Sancisi-Werdenburg, eds., Achaemenid History III. Method and Theory, Leiden, pp. 15-31
– Dandamaev, Muhammad A (2011). “Cyrus II The Great”. In Encyclopædia Iranica. Originally Published: December 15, 1993. Last Updated: November 10, 2011
Text taken from the site Khurdgan Written by Mr. Majid Khaleqian
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What was the religion of Cyrus the Great?
This text is in line with The new policy of Parsian Dej It is placed on this website.
تاریخ کوروش جعلی است بعد شما در مورد بت پرستی بودنش بحث می کنید جعلی بودن تاریخ کوروش ثابت شد
Cyrus's greeting was probably on Mehrprastani religion. Or that Cyrus was one of the first people at the time of the beginning of Zoroastrianism. Because Zoroaster probably came during the Achaemenid period. In this name, God, Marduk, Lord, and Allah mostly refer to the same object, what is the difference?. Historically, it is a grave fallacy to separate the Babylonian religion from the Iranian religion. Iranians were most likely followers of the Babylonian religion, but at the time of the separation of both nations, the religions became different. Ahuramazda is usually identified with Enlil. But the form of Ahura Mazda completely refers to the form of Marduk. It is most likely that Marduk was the same god who gradually turned into an idol, but still people emphasize his monotheistic worship, perhaps the sources also emphasize. Perhaps it is better to understand the matter with Arabia, that Allah was one of the idols of the Arabs, as well as the creator of the world and the God of gods. But in the Arab intellectual movements, Allah was a unique God and he was always praised. Years later, a person named Muhammad shoots a shot and calls Allah the only God. Question? Isn't Marduk the same data for the one God? Wasn't Marduk the only god of Cyrus? Did Cyrus only respect? The positive thing is that in the history of Mesopotamia, we see kings who are monotheists, but each of them chooses a specific name for God.. For example, Sargen does not mention any god other than Inanna. Or Hammurabi only from Marduk. It is clear from the Greek books that the gods were all the same, they just changed their names. Also, in these books, they pointed out the materiality of God of Gods in Mesopotamia and Greece. But in Iranian sayings, God was considered beyond matter and they never built an idol with a temple for him, at least not to worship his material dimension.. Rather, they built only holy places like mosques and Kaaba.
But in general, worshiping is a bad attribute for the spiritual dimension, and those who place this attribute of Cyrus for the material dimension are even less than a calf.. Did Cyrus harm others by worshiping him? Perhaps he did not spread religion to harm the spiritual dimension of the society.. But the presence of Zoroaster in front of Cyrus is a sign of his worship. Because there is a strong possibility that Cyrus is the same King Gestasp of Shahnameh. Ki Khosrow is probably the same as Hovkhashtra. At the same time, the fire temple also belongs to Mehrprasti. The burial method of Cyrus is also different from today's Zoroastrian. I said that Cyrus was a mehr-worshipper, but not the mehr-worshiper that we know today.. But if someone thinks about the old examples or other sects of Zoroastrianism, they will realize that they have similarities with the religious practices of Cyrus.. For example, there was a sect of Zoroastrians during the Achaemenid period whose beliefs are almost similar to Islam.. In ancient Zoroastrianism, cutting off the heads of animals was a sacred act. They also buried people.
Does this mean that anyone who does not use the word Allah for God is idolatry?
The words used for the same concept are different in different languages.
The name of God the Merciful
? Friends and brothers, I read strange things from the given messages, which I will discuss in the reply and interpretation and explanation of Achaemenid Cyrus..
According to the historical evidence, Cyrus was after Zoroaster and we see the old traditions of the ancient Aryans in the inscriptions..
In the inscriptions, it appears from the Achaemenid kings that they hated the court and respected the four elements of earth, fire, wind and water, which were transferred to Zoroastrianism from the old Aryan religion and traditions, or perhaps Zoroastrianism in the century It is its initial and no one has been able to expand it yet.
The religion of Zoroastrianism was distorted by the introduction of old Aryan traditions into it, and among its distortions was respect for the four elements and aversion to the court and the worship of powerful goddesses..
Of course, Zoroaster spoke of a god who was Ahura Mazda, but over time it was distorted and Aryan traditions and thoughts were introduced into it..
But speaking of Cyrus, we also see respect for the four elements and the goddesses, and he had a righteous face, but he was unaware of the military campaigns and their consequences. Certainly, one of the best kings of ancient Iran was the Achaemenid Cyrus, who, even though He had some contradictions, but he did important things. He did justice and freedom to the captives, but he destroyed several great and ancient Iranian civilizations, including Elam and Khuzestan, and the piecemeal civilizations of Iran, and only expanded the Persians and Medes, which was very unfortunate, because We had the most beautiful cities and various civilizations, but all of them were forced inside Iran under the ownership of the Persians. Cyrus was in the conquest of different foreign territories over Iranian civilizations. He destroyed Iranian civilizations, but in return he gave freedom to other civilizations. In the conquest of Babylon, he acted in such a way that he caused the least bloodshed. This is a sign of respect and dignity of Aryas. But he disappeared several Iranian civilizations, which were undoubtedly among the best and oldest civilizations. We also have the Medes who were better than the Achaemenians in some functions. One of the models that Cyrus used was the recognition of the civilization of the Medes and their state structure, which according to the evidence of history, the Achaemenid state organization is based on the Medes, with the difference that Zoroastrianism had no place in Medes and Zoroastrian religion was not seen.. Also the civilization of Elam! If it remains, surely we would see a good future for Iran. We had the greatest and best civilizations before the Achaemenids, which unfortunately disappeared, the Achaemenians' approach to such civilizations was bad.. But instead, the Achaemenids brought a large area of land to Iran, these quick conquests were the result of a bloodless conquest, which of course was seen in some places, Cyrus was suppressing the rebels before the conquest of Babylon. Babylon, do not find a vacuum in the occupied lands. He killed the least during the conquest of Babylon. According to many historical possibilities, Cyrus was killed in the battle of the Massagites, which is the most probable theory and there is a lot of evidence..
My summary is this ? One of the historical craziness is that someone comes to apply Dhul-Qarnain to Alexander or Cyrus. Although they both worshiped goddesses and Cyrus was better than Alexander (But again, he considered Ahura Mazda to be a partner, but he called him stronger than other gods) But Dhul-Qarnain's life was monotheism.
But in response to the message sent before me.
Don't judge too soon because the word Malik has two similarities, one of which is the form (King) It means an angel and the other is a face (Country) In the meaning of king, it can mean Amir al-Mu'minin(ع) In the hadith, it should be an angel and a prophet, not a king and a prophet, because there is a high probability that you are an angel. At that time, hadiths and Kufi script did not have letters or were erased, so one of the signs is the word (Country) It is in this hadith that moving a letter changes the meaning. In addition, in many of the hadiths, the majority of which have a better meaning, the meaning of angel is used, as Imam Ali said that Dhul-Qarnain was neither an angel nor a prophet.. Of course, it is possible that it means king, each is a possibility. It is used in the Quran that it is the king and there is no doubt about it.
? Take a moment and think, I am a 16-year-old answering like this.
You see the truth and you deny it. The most reliable writing about Cyrus is his inscription. Now, if we consider Cyrus a Zoroastrian, Cyrus is still a polytheist because he worships two gods and two creators.(The creator of good and the creator of evil) He believes and shares God in creation. In any case, whether Cyrus is a Marduk worshiper or Zoroastrian, he is a polytheist. God is one, so the creator is also one, and believing in two creators is shirk and falsehood. Like Genghis Khan, Cyrus killed many people just for the sake of opening up the country. We are not proud of such a murderous polytheist.. There is neither Cyrus Dhul-Qarnain nor Alexander, because according to Imam Ali A Dhul-Qarnain, he was neither a king nor a prophet
We finally did not understand whether Cyrus was a pagan or a god-worshipper
He was a supporter of freedom of thought, dear friend
animal freedom
That means he was a disbeliever
Hello
Is it possible that the charter of Cyrus was distorted?
What was the religion of Cyrus the Great?
By: Majid Khaleqian, 14 April 1398, ancient Iran, A response to anti-Iranians, A reply to Cyrus' opponents, The Great Cyrus, music video, Achaemenians 42 views 100974 views
Various opinions have been raised about the religion of Cyrus the Great, but there are important evidences from Zoroastrianism (Zoroastrian) He is available. Although the Achaemenians had religious tolerance in their worldview and respected the beliefs of various ethnic groups.. In the text of Cyrus the Great's cylinder where Marduk is praised, the connection of Cyrus the Great's beliefs to Zoroastrianism can be seen, and the text of the cylinder is completely reminiscent of Iranian ideas..
What was the religion of Cyrus the Great? | The authors: Majid Khalegian, Korosh Shahraki, Pouria Parsa | Last update: April 14, 2018 |
Checking a misconception (Cyrus and Marduk)
Lead author: Majid Khalekian (Master's degree in History, University of Tehran)
One of the things that has always been discussed by researchers is the religion of Cyrus, and various opinions have been raised about it. It is certain that the Achaemenid kings, including Cyrus the Great, had religious tolerance and respected the beliefs of various ethnic groups.. However, it seems that Cyrus had one of the Iranian religions and worshiped Ahuramazda as the only creator and follower of Zoroastrianism. (Zoroastrian) have been.
But these days we see that some superficially say that Cyrus was a pagan and attribute false things to this famous king.. These people raise issues without understanding the conditions of that time and without paying attention to other inscriptions and ancient texts.. This is while we should not bring our modern mentality into the examination of the words of the ancient texts and we should note that the texts were written in another language and only the translations and the meaning of the words in the current language are not enough.. More than anything, we must pay attention to the content of the texts in order to find a correct understanding of the ancient texts. We should also consider the texts written in the native language of the Achaemenid kings. The fact that we are looking for the misuse of a word or words in ancient inscriptions and without considering the material before and after it and without paying attention to other sources, just to question Cyrus the great, is neither a scholarly nor a work. is human!
They are a bunch of patriots who are just talking nonsense. Wow, you have a pea brain. They say that Cyrus respected all religions. Now tell him that he was a Jew and a pagan.
The above article is obviously written with hatred and prejudice, now Cyrus himself says that I worship Marduk, why do you want to tell Var that he was a monotheist, why is it a lie?
On the impossible assumption, if Cyrus was a fire worshiper, he was still not a monotheist and was misguided
Ah, the rootless patriot now worshiped Marduk on the assumption of Cyrus. There are all these human aspects of Cyrus that none of us, for example Muslims, have, then you abandoned the positive aspects of Cyrus, did you stick to this same Marduk?? Nationless, now let the whole world say that we made a mistake, Cyrus was an infidel, Iran did not have a great civilization, it was not a monotheist before, then what will happen to you, you are proud of yourself like that??? These rootless mullahs are retarded, how much is it worth if you follow them, you imitate whatever they say.. God, if Cyrus was a legend, he would be more proud than these filthy mullahs
Cyrus was an illiterate Jewish scoundrel who wrote the text of his charter in the third person. Such a filthy backward criminal has no honor or emulation!
An illiterate person like you has no right to comment
Go ahead, study first, then talk. First of all, Cyrus was not a fire worshiper. In fact, all the people of ancient Iran were not fire worshipers. Fire was only a symbol because fire was specially created by Ahura Mazda. In the same way, earth, water, fire, man, wheat, and barley were specially created by God. That's why they are. Ahura Mazda was worshiped in front of the fire
Second, how did Cyrus manage such a large territory with killing and war so that everyone rebelled against him, when Cyrus entered Babylon without a bloody war, Cyrus himself wrote on the charter that he entered Babylon with the support and welcome of the suffering people and to I respected Marduk, the great god of the Babylonians. I bowed to him. Read it correctly. He said that I respected him. I bowed down and I did not insult the gods of the Babylonian people. I did not impose anything on them. To take our religion, to torture our girls, to take a lot of loot
These were all hypotheses and buts and ifs and more like justifications than documents!!!
The charter attributed to Cyrus says that he was a pagan and this is a document!
Hello
This is Xenophon's article about Cyrus being Zoroastrian:
At this time, Koresh called Magan and ordered that among the spoils, eat the burnt offerings.
They should choose and give victory in the way of the gods. Why are they busy with their work? .
God or gods?
Apart from the fact that Xenophon's Cyrus letter does not have a high historical value and is mostly a literary text(Most of the book is based on the fact that Cyrus went to the Assyrian war with Siakzar, the son of Styag, but in reality, Siakzar, the father of Styag, and Cyrus never went to the Assyrian war with Siakzar.)
Judge for yourself
Hello
Religion of Darius the Great:
Darius inscription in Takht Jamshid 4: (DPd)
…May Ahuramazda and the gods of the royal family help me. May Ahura Mazda protect this country from enemy troops, drought, and lies. Neither enemy troops, nor droughts, nor lies will come to this country.. I ask this from Ahura Mazda and the gods of the royal family. May Ahuramazda and the gods of the royal family grant me this blessing.
So, do you agree that he was a pagan?
Dear Mr. Aziz, the best way to find out if Koresh was a pagan or a monotheist is to see what he said when he said in the manifesto that he left behind, "I am always from Beth Bell." (His new name is Baal) I want help and Alani says publicly that he worships Battle Bell, why do you insist on saying that Koresh was a monotheist.
In addition, the meaning of Dhul-Qarnain in the Qur'an is Alexander the Great, not Cyrus, because the date of the works of Dhul-Qarnain is 1500 years different from the date of Cyrus. .
It is true that we are Iranians, but we should not make ourselves proud with lies and join the arms of idolatrous kings
If you look closely at the history, you will understand that Koresh used the name of Ahura Mazda in his letters and that the truth is that it is in the above text. If Koresh was a pagan, why did his son worship Ahura Mazda and there is no name of an idol in the history of Iran? Please put aside your superficiality and understand how big a person can be to respect the God of another country and that Mr. Motahari and Rafipour and … To clearly prove that Zul-Qarnain is Korsh and that Zul-Qarnain means a dirty person like Iskandar, and in the end it was only Korsh who was the king of the world, neither Iskandar nor anyone else, please take a deep look at everything
Hello, can Cyrus, the same king who did not bleed in his three wars, be Zulqarnain? Do you know the idolatrous Cyrus who had nothing to do with their religion just because of the wealth of the attacked countries? The bloodthirsty king who served Judea should also have his words as a charter of human rights.
Those who say that Cyrus the Great was a pagan are nothing more than illiterate because they do not know that the name of Cyrus the Great is mentioned in the Bible, the Torah, the Old Testament, and Ezra.…
Because Cyrus the Great was a polytheist and worshiped Marduk's idol…
If such lies are true, how is it possible that his name appears in some heavenly books? And this should also be mentioned (Marduk) In the ancient Babylonian language, it means God….
Zulqarnain is a Macedonian Alexander who did not love the world and burned every capital, treasure, wealth, palace and castle he reached.
He destroyed all the corrupt, infidel and oppressive empires of Greece, Persia, India, Mongols and parts of China and sent all the infidels to the depths of hell.
Read the comments
Unlike Alexander, Cyrus, who was a pagan reveler and with a thousand sins and crimes, campaigned to get more land in order to gain more wealth and power.
As Cyrus himself said, I accept everyone and recognize even the dirtiest creatures on earth
Cyrus himself said, I will ask the idols, there is no more to say
Edit : I worship
If Cyrus the Great didn't take Babylon or if he took it by force and oppression, why did Baba introduce himself as the representative of the idols to let the people of the world know that he respects the religion of the land he took without killing, he should have changed the nation's religion like the Arabs Understand, otherwise, how would another king named Dariush come to Bistoon after a few years, who introduces himself as Ahura Mazda's representative in Iran, because the people of Pars and Medes were Zoroastrian.
Charter of Cyrus Band 34 And 35 : ( the gods ) I returned them to their places, a place that makes them happy . To return all the gods to their shrines .
Close 35 . ( until the ) Every day against (gods ) Baal and Nebu, pray for me for a long time . And let them remember my good deeds and say to Marduk, my lord, that Cyrus, the king who fears you and is a Cambodian …….
To explain that : The idol of Baal was the great and beloved god of the deviant Jews of that time
So far, a few things are clear from the charter of Cyrus, because the most solid document is the charter itself, because most of the cases used to glorify and bow to Cyrus were from the charter itself, and there is no doubt about it, an interesting relationship, as described in this article. The said site Cyrus also had with the Jews, and the Jews who deviated at that time worshiped the idol of Baal, and Cyrus also mentioned this idol in the charter, which is significant, on the other hand, the lotus flower is a special symbol, and even the temple of the lotus flower In India, it belongs to the Baha'is, and the relationship between this symbol and these issues is interesting. From the text of the charter, it can be seen that Cyrus was not a monotheist, because he believed in at least two gods, but even so, this requires a more detailed study and More and more accurate
Does it mean that God Himself has spoken of Koresh in all religious books, He has spoken of Koresh's enemies, who are the Iranians themselves? Dhul-Qarnain is the one who was the king of the world and treated everyone well, or Alexander the murderer and plunderer of Garh or Cyrus, here is the unquestioned wisdom, what is he telling us? Does he mention a pagan? Koresh's inscription is only because it was written by the priests of Babylon, it was tried to speak with respect to their God so that they would not be offended, brother, please understand that God has loved such a person, he did not even hurt the heart of a pagan.
Greetings to your honor and zeal ….These days, everyone is trying to declare Cyrus a Marduk worshiper, even there is a post on Prof. Arfai's page that repeatedly declared Cyrus a Marduk worshiper. ….Don't worry, one day we will revive the entire civilization of our country. That charter was not written by Cyrus, but by a Marduk-worshipping Babylonian
ذوالقرنین کوروش نیست این توهمات پان فارس هاست
Herodotus, who was a Greek and a blood enemy of Iran, used the title Kabir for his blindness in his history, and Xenophon was also a Greek and praised his blindness, and most of the Shia imitation authorities, including Makarem Shirazi and Sistani, said in the interpretation of Ilet about Dhul-Qarni that it was Dhul-Qarni.
There are only Sunnis and Wahhabis who say that Zulqarni is not blind, Iskander
Do you accept that in the Qur'an, Alexander, who was a murderer, is mentioned as good?
The answer is simple. Dhul-Qarnain, neither Cyrus, nor Alexander. It was narrated by an authentic Shia and Sunni document that Zul-Qarnain was beaten by his people once, he disappeared for a while, then came back and the people again beat him on the head. (That is why it is Dhul-Qarnain)
Now, which of Cyrus and Alexander are like this?
Zul-Qarnain is the same as Alexander, even poets like Ferdowsi, Hafez and Saadi have called Zul-Qarnain the Macedonian Alexander in their poems.. And they have not mentioned any name of the pagan idolaters who love Jews like Cyrus and Darius, who are corrupt and ignorant
These poets did not name any of them
Ferdowsi himself was a defiled infidel
But without a doubt, it is Alexander the Macedonian of Dhul-Qarnain
And Cyrus, according to the documents and his own words, is an idolater
And in his inscription he wrote the names of all his idols
Dear friend, do you expect Iskandar, who has become the ruler, not to make propaganda? Or that years later the Greeks did not consider Alexander's character positively. In the same poems of Hafez and Ferdowsi, we have a duality between good and bad Ferdowsi. Ferdowsi and Hafez both suffered from lack of resources. Because in one book they considered Alexander as a prophet and in another book as a messenger of Satan. These issues confused historians. The criterion is not the words of others, if you have proof, speak. I would say Zul-Qarnain or the Charter of Dariush and Cyrus or Darius himself. Because in the worst case, Darius built a barrier wall against the invasion of Magog and Yagog. whose word is not familiar?😋
Dear friend, when you don't have enough information, please shut up and keep quiet. Cyrus the Great and Darius the Great were among the best kings in the world, and Alexander was a trash tyrant who only thought about opening up the country.…
Darud Cyrus was a Jew and respected himself a lot.
According to which document?
Mazdesena in the Achaemenid period!!! The situation of the Mazadis before the Parthian period is not known correctly and the sources have been lost. There is a difference of opinion among scholars about whether the Achaemenians were Zoroastrians.
Achaemenid supporters of Mazdisen!!!!!!!
A group is of the opinion that Mazdasena has existed since the time of Achaemenids and since the time of Darius the Great, and the god of the Achaemenid family has been Ahuramazda since at least the time of Darius.. Also, during the reign of Ardeshir I around 441 BC, the imperial calendar was modified and the months of the year were named after the gods of Mazdasena.[۱۶] It can be said that during the Achaemenid era, Mazdasena was progressing among the popular beliefs of the people..
Some researchers, such as Albert Umsted, Will Durant, Hertel, and George Cameron, accept the traditional view that Zoroaster lived between 660 and 582 BC, and consider Vishtasep, the father of Darius the Great, as Koi Vishtasep, the supporter of Zoroaster.[۱۷] According to these researchers, Dariush was a Zoroastrian of a new religion and he spread this religion as the state religion in his nascent country; Therefore, the theory of Zoroaster lived at the same time as Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, and Zoroaster witnessed the revolts and revolutionary events of 522 BC and died shortly after.[۱۸]
Those like Mary Boyce who carefully dissected the teachings of the Ghats (Zarathustra's own teachings) They do not believe in the New Avesta and even the ancient Aryan religion, they generally consider the Achaemenians as followers of Zoroastrianism.. But some other researchers such as Diakonov emphasize that the Achaemenid kings were followers of the New Avesta.[۱۹]
The opponents of Mazdisen were the Achaemenians!!!!
Another point of view is the belief that according to the traditions of the Greek historians and the stone inscriptions left from the Achaemenid period, both in terms of beliefs and opinions and in terms of ceremonies and rituals, the Achaemenid worldview is consistent with the ancient Iranian religion.. A ritual that, while worshiping Ahura Mazda, many gods and forces of nature were also worshiped. Based on this belief, Achaemenid religion is closer to Vedic beliefs than Zoroastrian religion.[۲۰] They also believe that the coming of the adjective Mazdisneh (mazdaism) What is found in the Aramaic papyri of the Achaemenid period cannot be a proof that the Achaemenians were Zoroastrians, just as the mention of the name of Ahuramazda in the stone inscriptions is not a proof for this either.. In the Achaemenid inscriptions, not only Zoroastrianism is mentioned, but there is no mention of any other material that can give these inscriptions the color of Zoroastrianism.[۲۱] From the period of Cyrus's reign, the lands of eastern Iran became part of the Achaemenid Empire. During this period of acceptance of Mazdasena, they practiced their religious prayers, but the Achaemenid emperors did not follow the Zoroastrian religion, and when the Mughans started spreading the Zoroastrian religion, they mixed it with the old Iranian religion.[۲۲]
I think this can better show what the reality is, and better than a worthless theory made by the mind of an amateur who confuses heaven and earth, that even if Cyrus is not Dhul-Qarnain, he must be a monotheist, and even if he is not a monotheist, he must be a monotheist. He respects and even if that is not the case, his actions and behaviors are good, and it is not clear what this has to do with the initial question and hypothesis.!!!! I found this on Wikipedia with its own sources and no one said that Cyrus is a monotheist or a Zoroastrian or has a special religion and profession, and in general they say that kings are not prejudiced against religion.. Either they do not have a religion or they are not prejudiced against their religion. In Islam, these people who are not prejudiced and zealous for their religion are hated.. However, for further follow-up, refer to the history of the Iranian Prophet to find out more.
The best answer, the first answer, was Mr. Hamed, who spoke based on historical evidence.
But in the case of Wikipedia, Wikipedia can be edited by 4-year-old children.