Inscription line

Darius I, Naqsh-e Rostam (DNa)

DNa · 18

Contains editorial restoration

Parallel reading

Script, transliteration, and transcription

Old Persian cuneiform: 𐎠𐎱𐎫𐎼𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎨𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶𐏁𐎠[𐎶 𐏐]
Transliteration: a-p-t-r-m : h-c-a : p-a-r-s-a : a-d-m-š-a-[m :]
Transcription: apataram : hacā : Pārsā : adamšām :
Editorial note: Source line has all recorded text layers. Machine-generated and unreviewed

Audio reading of line 18

Synthetic, approximate reading

Duration 0:08

Missing or unreadable parts use a sound cue and an English announcement; reconstructed readings are also announced in English. Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review.

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Listening guide

This file is a synthetic, approximate reading of the Old Persian text. As you listen:

A chime and the phrase “This part is missing or unreadable”: this part of the inscription is lost or unreadable, and no definite reading is available.
The phrase “Possible reconstructed reading”: what follows is a proposed reading of a reconstructed section and is not certain.
Pauses between sections: these separate parts of the reading; the length of a pause does not indicate the number of missing words.

Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review. To understand the text’s meaning, read the translation provided on this page.

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Text source, rights and permission

The text used for this reading comes from the TITUS Old Persian corpus, part of the TITUS project at Goethe University Frankfurt. Rights to the original data, texts and sources belong to their respective rights holders and remain independent of the rights to Parsiandej’s own contributions.

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Translation and meaning

Recorded English translations

Machine-generated and unreviewedMachine-generated and unreviewed

further away · from · Persia · I · []]

Status: Machine-generated and unreviewed
Generator version: parsiandej-en-literal-b9b9284386e8ad0489cabc25ec9f186dad5830b53f51ff3a562dcc90dffec5f7
Confidence: Not recorded
Unresolved tokens: None recorded

Machine-generated and unreviewed; this is not a human-reviewed critical translation.

Words in this line

Segmentation and word analysis

Words in line 18
Position	Inscriptional form	Lemma	Analysis
1	𐎠𐎱𐎫𐎼𐎶a-p-t-r-m	apataram	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for apataram; English gloss: further away. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
2	𐏐	apataram hacā Pārsa adam	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for apataram hacā Pārsā adamšām; English gloss: Attested line fragment; literal gloss: further away · unknown (hacā) · Persia · I. · Needs human review Machine-generated and unreviewed
3	𐏃𐎨𐎠h-c-a	hacā	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for hacā; English gloss: from. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
4	𐏐	apataram hacā Pārsa adam	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for apataram hacā Pārsā adamšām; English gloss: Attested line fragment; literal gloss: further away · unknown (hacā) · Persia · I. · Needs human review Machine-generated and unreviewed
5	𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿𐎠p-a-r-s-a	Pārsa	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for Pārsā; English gloss: Persia. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
6	𐏐	apataram hacā Pārsa adam	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for apataram hacā Pārsā adamšām; English gloss: Attested line fragment; literal gloss: further away · unknown (hacā) · Persia · I. · Needs human review Machine-generated and unreviewed
7	𐎠𐎭𐎶𐏁𐎠[𐎶a-d-m-š-a-[m	adam	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for adamšām; English gloss: I. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
8	𐏐]	apataram hacā Pārsa adam	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for apataram hacā Pārsā adamšām; English gloss: Attested line fragment; literal gloss: further away · unknown (hacā) · Persia · I. · Needs human review Machine-generated and unreviewed
9	]	apataram hacā Pārsa adam	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for apataram hacā Pārsā adamšām; English gloss: Attested line fragment; literal gloss: further away · unknown (hacā) · Persia · I. · Needs human review Machine-generated and unreviewed

Scholarly traceability

Source and stable identifier

DNa 18

View line in source Data preparation and notation guide

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TITUS Old Persian corpus

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Old Persian linguistic data sourced in part from the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, TITUS Project, Goethe University Frankfurt. Used with written permission of the TITUS Project.

Scholarly evidence chain and method of use

The TITUS corpus is based on editions by Roland G. Kent, Manfred Mayrhofer, and Rüdiger Schmitt; data entry was completed by S. Gindro, S. Scarlata, and P. Widmer under the supervision of G. E. Dunkel; G. Keydana and J. Gippert provided additions and improvements; A. Sarhadi and M. Esnaashari added the transcription text and cuneiform-to-Unicode conversion; and J. Gippert, J. Martínez García, and M. Esnaashari prepared the TITUS version.

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