Inscription line

Darius I, Bisotun (DB1.)

DB1. · 16

Contains editorial restoration

Parallel reading

Script, transliteration, and transcription

Old Persian cuneiform: 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 𐏐 𐏀𐎼𐎣 𐏐 𐏃𐎼𐎡𐎺 𐏐 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐏁 𐏐 [𐎿𐎢𐎦]𐎢𐎭 𐏐 𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼 𐏐 𐎿/𐎣
Transliteration: : p-r-ϑ-v : z-r-k : h-r-i-v : u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-y : b-a-x-t-r-i-š : [s-u-gu]-u-d : g-d-a-r : s-/k
Transcription: : Parϑava : Zraka : Haraiva : Uvārazmīy : Bāxtriš : Suguda : Gadāra : Saka
Editorial note: Source line has all recorded text layers. Machine-generated and unreviewed

Audio reading of line 16

Synthetic, approximate reading

Duration 0:11

Missing or unreadable parts use a sound cue and an English announcement; reconstructed readings are also announced in English. Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review.

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Listening guide

This file is a synthetic, approximate reading of the Old Persian text. As you listen:

A chime and the phrase “This part is missing or unreadable”: this part of the inscription is lost or unreadable, and no definite reading is available.
The phrase “Possible reconstructed reading”: what follows is a proposed reading of a reconstructed section and is not certain.
Pauses between sections: these separate parts of the reading; the length of a pause does not indicate the number of missing words.

Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review. To understand the text’s meaning, read the translation provided on this page.

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This audio file was produced using Haman-Ava, the proprietary AI-based audio production system of Arya Haman Mehr Parseh Knowledge-Based Company.

Any use of this audio file requires prior coordination via the following email address:

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Text source, rights and permission

The text used for this reading comes from the TITUS Old Persian corpus, part of the TITUS project at Goethe University Frankfurt. Rights to the original data, texts and sources belong to their respective rights holders and remain independent of the rights to Parsiandej’s own contributions.

TITUS data is used in this system for educational, research and non-commercial purposes with written permission from the TITUS project. Coordination with the company does not replace any permissions required from the rights holders of the original sources.

Translation and meaning

Recorded English translations

Machine-generated and unreviewedMachine-generated and unreviewed

Parthia · Drangiana · Ariana · Chorasmian · Bactria · Sogdiana · Gandhara · Scythia

Status: Machine-generated and unreviewed
Generator version: parsiandej-en-literal-b9b9284386e8ad0489cabc25ec9f186dad5830b53f51ff3a562dcc90dffec5f7
Confidence: Not recorded
Unresolved tokens: 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐

Machine-generated and unreviewed; this is not a human-reviewed critical translation.

Words in this line

Segmentation and word analysis

Words in line 16
Position	Inscriptional form	Lemma	Analysis
1	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
2	𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺p-r-ϑ-v	Parθava	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for Parθava; English gloss: Parthia. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
3	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
4	𐏀𐎼𐎣z-r-k	Zranka	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for Zranka; English gloss: Drangiana. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
5	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
6	𐏃𐎼𐎡𐎺h-r-i-v	Harai̯va	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for Harai̯va; English gloss: Ariana. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
7	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
8	𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-y	Uvārazmiya	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for Uvārazmiy; English gloss: Chorasmian. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
9	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
10	𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐏁b-a-x-t-r-i-š	Bāxtrī	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for Bāxtriš; English gloss: Bactria. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
11	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
12	[𐎿𐎢𐎦]𐎢𐎭[s-u-gu]-u-d	Sugda	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for Suguda; English gloss: Sogdiana. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
13	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
14	𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼g-d-a-r	Gandāra	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for Gandāra; English gloss: Gandhara. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
15	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
16	𐎿/𐎣s-/k	Saka	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for Saka; English gloss: Scythia. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed

Scholarly traceability

Source and stable identifier

DB1. 16

View line in source Data preparation and notation guide

Source and permission for use

TITUS Old Persian corpus

This tool is developed by Persian Dej and uses Old Persian linguistic data available in the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, affiliated with the TITUS Project at Goethe University Frankfurt, as one of its scholarly and linguistic sources.

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Old Persian linguistic data sourced in part from the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, TITUS Project, Goethe University Frankfurt. Used with written permission of the TITUS Project.

Scholarly evidence chain and method of use

The TITUS corpus is based on editions by Roland G. Kent, Manfred Mayrhofer, and Rüdiger Schmitt; data entry was completed by S. Gindro, S. Scarlata, and P. Widmer under the supervision of G. E. Dunkel; G. Keydana and J. Gippert provided additions and improvements; A. Sarhadi and M. Esnaashari added the transcription text and cuneiform-to-Unicode conversion; and J. Gippert, J. Martínez García, and M. Esnaashari prepared the TITUS version.

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