Iran Center for Research and Science in Ancient Times

City Susa in the southwest Iran which was the capital and base of civilization and art of the Elamites for centuries, after the destruction of the Elam Empire, it maintained its ancient greatness.. This historic city dates back to five thousand years before Christ.

This city is located on four hills and its total area is four square kilometers. In the fourth millennium BC, that is, three thousand years before Christ, the greatest human discovery was the invention of calligraphy in the city Susa done (Iranian civilization by several orientalists, 1337, translated by Isa Behnam, Translation and Commentary Company, pp. 72-5). It is also worth mentioning that the city Susa The center of science and knowledge and has libraries and scientific and research centers in history ancient have been.

Scientists from all corners the world Like philosophers, doctors, astronomers and other thinkers, whenever they are angered and unloved by the governments of their land, to Susa They took shelter. The Greeks in some dimensions and directions and scientific aspects are still based on the civilizations of the East, including Mesopotamia have not arrived.

They could not sing rhymed poems until the 9th and even 8th centuries BC due to some shortcomings and weaknesses in the Greek language.. Since the rhyme (Metric) It makes the hymns easier to remember, through trade and the Greeks' travels to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. ( ) From Phoenician civilizations (of the Phoenicians) And Monday (Sumer) transliteration (Phonographie) It was probably taken to Greece at the same time, from the 8th century BC onwards, and Greece was able to bring about a huge change in poetry, and the poets of that land wrote rhyming poems in the 7th and 6th centuries BC..

homer (Homer) The famous and outstanding Greek poet in the 9th century BC was still not in a position to write rhyming poems due to the above defect in the Greek language.. Immortal collection called "Iliad and Odyssey" (III + He hated it) That is part of the story of the Trojan War (Trojan War) reflects the problem of poetic weights. According to history, the Sumerians were the first to use sound in human history (phonetics) and drawing sounds (Phonographie) presented and taught to the world for ease in languages, including in the matter of writing poetry. The desire and interest of the Greeks to establish close relations with the eastern peoples has a very ancient history and these cultural and scientific as well as artistic exchanges have all been realized in the shadow of trade, migration, war and other historical factors.. Some of the Greek poets, historians and thinkers who have traveled or migrated to the Orient have openly acknowledged this fact and considered the Orient to be the center of knowledge..

Based on the documents left by Greek scientists and experts, IranAchaemenid It is the land of culture and the cradle of science and art, and it is considered a center for the exchange of scientific information in the Middle East. We know that during the periods when the above dynasty was at the peak of its power and greatness and the territory of the Iranians ruled from the Danube River. (Danube) in Europe and Abyssinia ( ) It was in Africa, the Greeks of Asia Minor, the Egyptians, the Babylonians and the West Indians and the inhabitants of the shores of Document(Indus) And Punjab (Panschab) All were considered Iranian nationals. According to the story of the Greeks, Iranians tried to preserve and expand every science they got to know and to transfer it to other lands..

The Iranian court has also been at the top of enthusiasts and supporters of knowledge and scientists. in the daysAchaemenids And Sassanids A large number of scientists were invited to the Iranian court and even some of them were kept in the Iranian court despite their wishes.. Herod The Greek historian in his Chronicles (History) has brought : Kourosh The founder of the dynasty the Persians (Achaemenids) He had problems with his eyes. He from Amasis (Sisters) The pharaoh of Egypt asked to send an eye doctor Haziq to his court.

During the time of Egypt, Pharaoh asked to send an ophthalmologist to his court. Pharaoh in fulfillment wanted KouroshHe sent a great ophthalmologist to the court of Iran. As promised Herod He is the same ophthalmologist Amasis Named later Cambodia He provoked the son and successor of Cyrus to attack Egypt, because he was displeased with the fact that the Pharaoh had chosen him from among the Egyptian doctors, separated him from his family and sent him to Iran, and he had a strong grudge against the Pharaoh in his heart.. Plutarch (Plutarch) The great writer and historian and the author of "The Life of Named Men" has also confirmed this report (Khodadadian, Ardeshir : 1378, Achaemenids, Nash Be Did, p. 304). Since the Darius I Based on many documents and documents that are now in the hands of historians and researchers, scientists, artists and including doctors from Greece and other lands were in the service of Iranian courtiers and in Susa The great capital Achaemenid are spent. It should be mentioned that some of them were among the prisoners of war whose skills and expertise were used in their specialized fields.. One of them is "Skylaks" from the people of Kari (Caryande Skylax) was one of the most prominent geographers of the 6th century BC the world is considered. He was commissioned by Darius the Great to prepare a geographical map of the seas, rivers and oceans that belong to the territory of the Achaemenid Empire.. Because there were many rivers, seas and oceans in this domain and their map was needed.

Darius communicated this order to Scilax in 519 BC, three years after he came to power.. These geographers were commissioned to prepare a map of the flow of the lower part of the river for the king of Iran Document travel by ship with a few of your companions. Later, in line with the policy of Dariush's conquests, the upper region of the aforementioned river was also included in the Iranian territory.

The presence of non-Iranian and including Greek doctors in the court Darius I It has been mentioned many times in history. The first doctor who served this king was "Democdes". (Democedes) From the people of Croton (Croton) Was. Democedes was formerly in the service of Polycrates (Polycrate) King of Samos (Samos) He has been practicing medicine. Polycrates in 522 BC at the invitation of one of satraps Iranian who in Lady's Land He was serving, he went there and was killed by the order of his host, and his personal physician, Demokedes, who was with him, was captured by the Iranians.. Of course, this satrap was suspected by Darius and killed him on the charge of committing this indecent murder and brought this captive doctor to his court, which is Susa.. Until then, all the doctors in the court of Susa were Egyptians, and because they were unable to treat Darius' leg bone dislocation, they brought Demokedes from prison to the court by the order of the king, and he treated the king's leg bone dislocation.. After that, Darius did not leave this doctor for a moment, and because according to a story, this doctor was not interested in returning to Greece, he remained in the captivity of the Iranians. (Iranian civilization, 1337, pp. 92-3). In another example of this doctor's services, it is narrated that V. Atusa (At Ato) Dariush's wife who had a lump on her arm (She is a girl The Great Cyrus It was the Achaemenid dynasty) And he suffered a lot from it and was sick, he took it out with his skill in surgery and thus cured him and saved him from this expensive pain.. As a reward, the physician asked Darius to allow him to go to Greece to prepare the ground for Darius to conquer Greece.. Darius to Demokades and Tenni some of his companions who are also prisoners the Persians were allowed to leave Iran. On the way, Demokedes forgot his companions and escaped and returned to his hometown Croton, where he spread medical knowledge. (Iranian civilization, 1337, p. 93). Of course, there are also cases recorded in history that Greek doctors did not provide their medical services to foreigners, i.e. non-Greeks..Hippocrates who has advised in the oath of doctors to serve every disease, he himself did not adhere to it.

It is stated in historical sources that HippocratesHakim, a famous Greek doctor, was asked to treat Iranian patients, he replied that I am Greek and the treatment of Greek patients is of the first importance to me, and I am loyal to this principle.. Girode this scene (Girodet) The French painter based on the historical reports painted in the form of a beautiful tableau, which represents that Hippocrates At the request of the king of Iran, that is, Ardeshir I or Darazdast (Artaxerxes Long : manus) who ruled from 465 to 424 BC, has opposed the treatment of Iranian patients. The story is that due to a terrible disease that was common in Iran, countless Iranians were drawn to death. Hippocrates He did not accept this offer and request and violated the terms of his oath. The Greeks have said that the envoys of Ardashir I put gold coins in front of their feet Hippocrates They poured, but he pushed them aside with his hand. This case has been recorded in history so that those referring to the history of the past know how much the hostility between the Iranians and the Greeks was. Hippocrates who, according to his own words, should have examined and treated his sick enemy, shirked from his responsibility and oath. Apolvinda (Appollonides) He is another eminent and well-known Greek doctor who practiced medicine in the court of Ardeshir I.

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Greek historians have reported that one of Apollowind's court patients, Amy Tees (Amytis) Ardeshir I's sister and daughter Xerxes (xerxes) Was. According to this story, Apollowind deceived this patient and when his secret was revealed that his action was contrary to the "Oath of Hippocrates", he was buried alive.. it is told that Kezias (Ktesias) court physicianDarius II (Darius II) And Ardeshir II (Artaxerxes II) He narrated this event and based on it a book about the situation in Iran called Persica (Peach) It has become a field of writing (Khodadadian, 1378, p. 307). Considering that the purpose of this article is to deal with the mutual scientific-cultural services of the East ancient And the ancient Maghreb, especially Iran and Greece, before the emergence of Islam, therefore, it seems unnecessary to deal with extensive issues and cases in this case, although many examples of such cases can be found. And he dealt with the details of each case separately and in detail. The phenomenon of ancient Greek civilization means Hellenism (Hellenism) It includes not only the current situation of Iran and Iranians, but also the worldancient and especially the ancient East had a deep influence.

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