Ardeshir Babakan, the founder of the Sassanid dynasty

Ardeshir Babakan or Popkan is the founder of the Sassanid Empire. On June 23, 226 AD, Ardeshir Popkan was crowned in Nahid Temple and became the king of Iran and revived Iranian nationalism based on Zoroastrian teachings.. By following Ardeshir's method, the Dilmians and the Safavids later revived Iranian nationalism based on Iran-friendship and the Shiite religion.. Ardeshir, who used to be the ruler of Pars (Mainly Fars and Kerman) And he was the guardian of its fire temple before the coronation, he had overthrown the Parthian government, which had become weak due to internal corruption and failed against the Romans..

Ardashir, who later defeated the Romans and drove them back from the east, said in the coronation ceremony, like Darius the Great, that he would become the king of the Persians at the will of Ahura Mazda, who are noble and honorable people and do not lie.. The people of Kerman, which Ardeshir had previously intended to make it the capital of Iran, in order to show their satisfaction with his victory over Ordavan and his accession to the throne, named the city he had built in that province as "ArdeshirThey named. This city, whose name has been pronounced Bardsir since the time of the Arab conquest, used to be a small village that was developed and developed by Ardeshir and turned into a city..

Ardeshir Sasani came to power

Sasan, MubadHe was from a noble family fireplace Anahita presided over the city of the pool . His son Babak is next to him in the city of Khair Bakhtegan lake ruled . After Sasan, Babak succeeded his father and called himself king (208 m)

On this date, the city of Ashtrak was taken by Guchihar Shah recolor Was . The Bazarangians ruled in Nisayeh, which was named Baida due to its white walls during the Islamic period.

Because Guchiher, the king of Bazrangi, was a great amir in those regions, Babak took the position of Argbodi Darabgerd for his son Ardeshir..

In the year ( ۲۱۲م) Ardeshir revolted against Gojahir and the city of Nessa ( oval ) took possession of him and took his place and sat in his place.

John Babak died شاهپور succeeded him . A quarrel broke out between two brothers, Shahpur and Ardeshir. Ardashir envied his brother Mehtar, but Shahpur died due to an accident and Ardashir easily took his place in 212 AD, then Ardashir Kerman reached and advanced to the shores of the Persian Gulf. After that, Shadshahpur killed Isfahan and went to Ahvaz, and finally he defeated Ordavan in a tough war between him and Ordavan V in Hormozgan, and with his death, the Parthian dynasty came to an end. ( April 28, 224)

After this victorious battle to Tisophon He came and sat on the throne.

The administrative system of the Sassanid dynasty

At the head of the Sassanid administrations was Bozorgfarmadhar or Grand Sadr, and practically the power and administration of the country was in his hands. . He used to sign contracts and agreements . Sometimes he took the overall command in the wars . All courts and ministries with their secretaries were under his supervision . Perhaps the word Bozorgmehr is a spelling of the title Bozorgfermdhar, which Arab historians used as the title of Bozorgfermdhar Ahed Anoushirvan have been converted to Bozar Jamhor .

During the time of Anushirvan, the country of Iran, which until then was governed by border guards, was divided into four parts, and each part was called Pazges, and they were given the name of the four directions. : Apakhtar (North) Khorasan (East) Noon (south) brothers (West) He gave and appointed a ruler for each of these tribes Pazgasban They called .

Military affairs were also managed under the supervision of lieutenants, and there were four generals in Iran, as many as four guards. . The states and provinces were divided into smaller parts and each part was called Istan, and its ruler was called Istandar, and then each Istan was divided into several cities or provinces, and the center was called a city. .

The village was called Diyeh and its head was called Dihsalar . Farms subordinate to Daya Rostak (Village)They used to say .

Sasanian culture and civilization

The official religion of the Sasanian dynasty

Ardeshir Babakan, as he was a king from Mobdan family, made Zoroastrian religion the official religion of Iran after sitting on the throne and prohibited belief in other religions. .

Among the Zoroastrian scholars who served the Sassanid kings in strengthening and expanding that religion, the first must be Tensor Mobad Zaman Ardeshir Babakan and others Azarbad Mehraspandan, Mobad Zaman Shapur I and Kartir Mobad Zaman. Hormuzd And Bahram I named .

During the Sasanian era, twenty-one Nesks were destroyed by the efforts of these religious leaders AvestaThey translated the old one into Pahlavi language and called that translation Zand, which means interpretation .

Because understanding the book of Zand was difficult due to the presence of Aramaic words in it, then an explanation in the language Persian They simply wrote on zand and called it pazand .

The basis of Sasanian internal policy was the harmony of religion and government . As Ferdowsi says :

Basically, all Iranian religions before Islam are based on two principles Ok And Evil Or Hormuzd And اهریمن Is . The main difference between them is in quality

Religions branched off from Zoroastrian religion during the Sasanian dynasty

It is the duration of mixing evil with good . In the Zoroastrian religion, good will finally overcome evil and Hormuzd will overcome the devil, but this is not the case in the religions of dualism. .

Every religion has a philosophy to get rid of evil . Some of the thinkers of Sassanid period who were looking for an easier way for the salvation of mankind, because they did not see the Mazdasini religion as an answer to their questions, they started heresy in that religion and founded new religions, all of which are based on dualism, the most important of these religions are: :

other religions

Except for the religions that have been mentioned before, there are other religions as well Jew And Christian . Buddhist It was popular in some areas of Iran . The Jewish religion is mostly in Babylon, Hamedan and Isfahan, the Christian religion in Armenia, Khuzestan and Mesopotamia, and the Buddhist religion in beyond the river and Khorasan and Balkh It was common .

Language and script

The language of Iranians during the Sassanid era Persian Or Pahlavi Sassanid Was .

This language was considered a dialect of the Parthian Pahlavi language that was popular in the south of Iran .

In this period, the Iranian script was derived from the Aramaic script and was divided into two types of Pahlavi script, the inscription or Gesteh Debira script and the Pahlavi script of the book or Aam Debira script. .

In this century, a large number of Aramaic words, numbering up to a thousand words, entered the Sasanian Pahlavi language .

Unlike the Persian language, where the Arabic words are written in the Arabic script and read in the same way, this was not the case in the Pahlavi language. Sassanid teachers did not pronounce the Aramaic words they used in their writings slowly, but with the Pahlavi pronunciation. reading were doing .

For example : “Queen” They wrote and “شاه” They read or “pot” which is the same Arabic sentence, they wrote and “Ashtar” They read . Or “Kodba” They wrote and “drawer” That means they were lying .

This way of writing is called Hazwarash .

The Pahlavi line of books continued until three centuries after Islam in Iran, and during that period books were written in Pahlavi by Zoroastrian priests. .

Art

Among the types of art of the Sassanid period, we can include architecture, Sculpture And the painter pointed out that every year a large amount of them are discovered by archaeologists .

Architecture

In the Sassanid period, the art of architecture was in the first place compared to sculpture and painting . The early works of Sassanid architecture are very similar to the architecture of the Parthian period . Among the Sassanid buildings in the third century AD, Ardeshir Palace in Firouzabad Is .

One of the works of the Sassanid period is the Kasri Arch, which is the remains of the famous court of Khosrow I and II in Tisophon. . This arch is now on the sideTigris It is located near Baghdad in a place called Salman Pak .

At a distance of 100 kilometers from Tisphon, Dastgerd palace was located and was the residence of Khosrow II Parviz . Another is the Shirin Palace, which Khosrow II built for his beloved wife Shirin, and its remains are still visible in a city called Shirin Palace remains .

One of the most interesting historical works, CaveIt is in a rock Taq-e Bostan and it shows the hunting ground of Khosrow II . These works still remain at the entrance of Kermanshahan city . One of them shows Shapur I with Valerian kneeling in front of him Seriadis The new emperor Rome He is standing in front of Shapur . A large statue of Shapur I was also found in the Shapur Cave, which is now standing in that cave.

Poetry and music

In pre-Islamic Iran, poetry has a modern and weighty meaning prosody Arab did not exist, but chame and chakame or Iranian poems. Song There have been some that are like European poems syllabic and their syllables are shortened and lengthened .

During the time of Sassanids, especially during the era of Khosrow Parvez, music developed a lot and great musicians like : Bad ، Nakissa

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