Shapur II or Shapur Kabir or Shapur Zolaktaf

After the second Hormoz, the cruelty and cruelty of Azarnarsi gave an excuse to the elders of the country to eliminate him..

One of his brothers, who was not considered worthy of the monarchy, was blinded, and his other brother, named after his father, Hormozd, was imprisoned, who later escaped and took refuge in Rome. Apparently there was no one left of the Narsi family worthy of the monarchy

, A baby born in Hormoz II, who was born after the death of his father in the same days of chaos, was called the emperor.

This baby was called Shapur. Unlike Narsi's mother and her brothers, her mother was not considered an official queen. There is a story about him that tells …..

The courtiers placed a crown on her mother's womb when she was pregnant, and she became king before giving birth. The capture of the monarchy showed readiness. At about the age of sixteen, he was able to overcome the chaos caused by the domination of the nobility and replace those who had become accustomed to interfering in affairs..

War with the Arabs

Shapur's first major task was to punish the Bahraini Arabs. Not only because Shahpour's father, Hormoz II, had been killed in the war with the invading Arabs, but also because these Arabs had invaded the shores of the Persian Gulf during Shapur's childhood and severely disrupted its security.. With the ships that the young king launched in the Persian Gulf, the Arabs of Ehsa were severely repressed and its security was ensured..

Shapoor Zolaktaf

Hence the title of Shanab Sunab or Zolaktaf, (Shoulder piercer)Shapur punished the Arabs for their actions by piercing their shoulders.. Hamzeh Esfahani believes that this title means shoulder piercing, and Kristen Sen, a Danish Iranian scholar, agrees with this. Islamic done. Especially in these narrations, the fame of Shapur II as the title of Zulaktaf is considered to be related to these events and the accuracy of this title is questionable.. Noldeke believes that the origin of the word is a nickname, meaning four shoulders, meaning one who kills the extraordinary burdens of the state and its meaning has not been well understood since the Islamic era..

Attaching Kushan to Iran

After resolving internal disputes and punishing the Arabs, Shapur was forced to address the issue of Rome and Armenia and the difficulties arising from the Treaty of Nasib, which was signed between his ancestor Narsi and the emperor Demon Church, and which over the years became a major concern and a stigma for his family. Pay attention. But before addressing these issues, it was necessary to clarify his task from the eastern borders of the country with the Kushans, whose interventions might have hindered the success of Roman work. . Here, too, luck befell him, because the weakness of the Kushans, their land, which had once been surrendered to his father Hormoz II, completely entered the territory of Shapur in 375 AD, and Kushan from then until the time of Bahram, who ruled (Haftalian) They overcame that area and became an Iranian province. This success helped Shapur to solve the Roman problem in his urgent attention.

Christians of Iran

In the Roman Empire, during Shapur's childhood, there were changes that caused the Roman emperor to have admirers for himself inside Iran.. The point was that Constantine, the Roman emperor, officially converted to Christianity in 313 by a decree known as the Order of Milan, and Christianity became the official religion of the Romans, who naturally supported him as well as the Christians of Iran.. The Roman emperor Julian opposed the religion of Jesus and was called an apostate, but his work was temporary and did not change the situation.. This caused that when Shapur waged war with Rome, the Christians, whose numbers in the Persian Empire had gradually increased in number at that time, would show interest and affection for Rome, and as quoted by Shapur himself. They should live in his land and at the same time be friends with his enemy, the Roman emperor. Carter Mubad, almost forgotten, revived in Iran. With the start of the war with Rome, the persecution of the Christians of Iran, whom the Shah of Iran viewed as a domestic enemy, began.. Unlike the clergy of the time, Shapur apparently viewed Christians more as a political issue, and Shapur was tolerant of Iranian Jews who were politically neutral..

The first war with Rome

King Tirdad of Armenia converted to Christianity and promoted it. He died in 314 and his successors were not worthy.. Armenia has always been in conflict with the country's elders. The prince was repeatedly killed and conspired against and betrayed, so Armenia was long enough the center of the Iran-Rome wars.. This time, too, the Armenian civil war provided an excuse for Shapur to renew the war. The conditions for the start of the war were favorable and he started the war with Rome in 338. In this year Shapur besieged Nasib, which was a stronghold of the Romans in Mesopotamia, but failed to conquer it was to invade , The Iranian cavalry in Mesopotamia, which was sometimes accompanied by victory, but failed to capture their castles. The re-siege of Nasib in 350 also failed after inflicting heavy casualties on the Iranian army..

War with the Huns or traitors

An event that required the presence of Shapur in the eastern countries of Iran, the invasion of the Hun tribes (خیانیان), Was around Iran. Shapur's wars with the Huns lasted for seven years, from 350 to 357 AD, and he emerged victorious from these wars, and this time he returned to Rome.. Eventually, by war and negotiation, he settled with the invaders, settled in the Kushan lands as an ally of Iran, and in return pledged to help Shapur in the war against Rome..

Shapur II War with Rome

He also fought the Romans in 359 and the city "came". (Current Diyarbakir) Opened.Julianus (Julian the Apostate) After the death of Constantine II, he became emperor of all the Romans and led the Roman armies to the Persian War.. One of his generals was the Persian prince Hormozd and the king's brother, who had fled to Rome and now hoped to ascend to the throne of Persia with the help of Rome. Another ally was Arshak III, king of Armenia.. Roman forces and their allies marched on Ctesiphon, destroying the inhabitants of the cities with all their animals everywhere with primitive violence.. Shapur had apparently deliberately drawn the Roman army into Iran and cut off their ties with Rome.. They were stopped by a powerful Iranian army under the command of a commander from the Mehran dynasty, and during the battles that ensued, Julian was killed in 363 and his army returned to Rome.. Peace was soon concluded between the parties for thirty years. According to this treaty:. Nasib and Sinjar Iranians and Minor Provinces of Armenia (Rome) Which was disputed were taken back.. Caucasus countries like Iberia (Georgia) And Albania was liberated from Roman occupation by peace and placed under Iranian guardianship.. In addition, the Roman emperor pledged not to support Arshak III. Thus Shapur II was able to avenge the defeat of his ancestor Narsi by the Romans. The year 363 AD was present. The Roman historian Amianus, although he naturally hated this dangerous enemy of the Roman government, in his narrative could not refrain from mentioning the glory and bravery of Shapur himself.. "The king was tall and a head and neck taller than his subjects. "Complete order prevailed in Lashkar-e Shapur, and it usually did not carry out massacres in vain when it conquered enemy cities." According to his narrations, Shapur had the qualities of chivalry, kindness and justice.. Amianus attributes this mercy and justice to the king's trickery. Shapur died in 379 AD, after 70 years of empire..

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