Surna war (party leader) and Crassus (Roman general)

The emergence of the Parthian Empire in Iran was more or less the same time as the emergence of the Roman Empire, which after conquering a large part of Europe at that time, had greedily set its eyes on the soil of Asia.. The encroachment of the Roman government into Asia Minor and Syria finally brought the borders of the Parthians and the Romans together, and then established a struggle and campaign between these two powerful governments in the region, which continued until the Sassanid era..
During the reign of Ard (Urdu) One (80 – 90 p.m.) Iran's government was finally forced to confront the Roman government. This campaign began when Crassus (Crassus) The Roman general was appointed to the governorship of Syria by the Roman Senate. But he was ambitious on the idea that after settling in Syria, he would invade the soil of Iran and go as far as India.! After entering Syria, Crassus spent some time in Mesopotamia (Iraq) which was part of the territory of the Parthian kingdom, started destruction and killing and established garrisons there and then returned to Syria. At this time, an ambassador from "Ard" came to Crassus and called him to leave Iran immediately.. But the Roman general gave him a rude answer and announced that he will capture Seleucia soon; Now, taking the war was inevitable.
The Roman soldiers stationed in Iraq gradually became very afraid. They said: "Parties are people who can't be chased, and if they run away, they can't be reached.. They have arrows that the Romans are not familiar with, and they shoot with such force that its speed cannot be observed, and before a person sees the arrow leaving the bow, the arrow has hit him.. Their rider's weapon of war breaks through everything, passes through everything, and becomes their defensive weapon. (Shield and armor) Nothing is working". In spite of such fear and fear that cast a shadow on the Roman soldiers, Crassus, with the promise he received from the king of Armenia - Artebaz - for companionship and support, advanced towards Iraq and crossed the Euphrates, which was the border between Iran and Rome, and for Preventing the retreat and escape of his frightened soldiers, he ordered to destroy the Euphrates bridge behind him.!
On the opposite front, the Iranian army was divided to deal with two enemies. Ard himself moved towards Armenia at the head of an army to defeat the traitor Shah; and Surna (Surena) Sardar Nami Parti, at the head of another army, went to Iraq to face the invading Romans.. According to Plutarch, "Sorna had the first position after the king in terms of race, wealth and name. In terms of courage and alertness, he was the first person among the parties, and he was not behind anyone in terms of stature.. When he traveled, he would move a thousand camels and their trunks. Two hundred chariots moved his shrine, and a thousand horsemen, full of iron and steel, and before that, light-armed troops accompanied him.. Because his subordinates and assignees could provide ten thousand horsemen for him. His family nobility gave him the hereditary right to wear the royal girdle on the coronation day of the Parthian kings.. This general put Ard on the throne, while he (= Ard) had driven. Sorena was less than thirty years old at this time, and despite this, his alertness and wisdom had made him a great name..

Crassus P. After a long boring journey in the deserts of Iraq, finally near the city of Haran (Harran) Seeing the platoon of Surna's army, he organized his forces with haste and anxiety and moved towards the Parthians.. At first, the Parthian army was not large and formidable in the eyes of the Romans; But this was Surna's trick to mislead and keep the Romans unaware. He had placed the major part of his army behind the first lines and so that the Romans would not notice their number due to the brilliance of his weapons and the enthusiasm of his soldiers, he had ordered them to cover themselves with cloaks.. As the Romans approached the Iranian army, in order to frighten the enemies, suddenly terrifying screams and the sound of the drum arose from among the Surna army.. The Romans, startled by this tumult, suddenly saw the Parthians throw off their cloaks and shine like flames of fire because of their helmets and metal helmets.. In the following, the party archers immediately surrounded the Roman forces, which were arranged in the form of a square company, and targeted them with their deadly arrows from all sides and pinned down the Roman cavalry and infantry and deprived them of the possibility of any special operations. they did. If the Roman soldiers stood in their ranks, they would die from the wounds of the Parthian arrows, and if they attacked the Parthian soldiers, they would not do anything because the Parthians would quickly move away from them and at the same time, they would shoot the Romans with a barrage of arrows. they close. Crassus' soldiers hoped to get out of this deadly situation when the Parthians ran out of fire and enter into a hand-to-hand battle with the Parthians; But behind Surna's army, there were many camels loaded with arrows and they constantly replenished the archers' stock of arrows.. In this situation, the son of Crassus, in order to prevent a complete siege, attacked one of the flanks of Sorena's army with a number of Roman cavalry and infantry.. But the Parthians, based on their military tactics, fled in front of the Romans and made them pursue them, and as soon as this group got away from their main army, the Parthians quickly returned and faced the Romans.. The Parthian light cavalry galloped across the sand dunes, raising a great dust to block the Romans' view.. Then with the rain of their arrows, they sewed the hands of the Roman soldiers to their shields and their feet to the ground.. Then the heavy cavalry of the Parthians, whose horses and riders were covered in armor and hot, crushed the unfortunate Romans with their heavy spears, so that out of the three thousand Roman soldiers, not more than five hundred remained..

In the other field of battle, the Parthian light cavalry surrounded the tired and desperate Roman soldiers from the flanks and tied them to arrows, and the heavy Parthian cavalry charged the Romans from the opposite front with their spears and completely defeated them.. When the night came, the Parthians returned to their camp, but the Romans, leaving their wounded, sat back and sought refuge in the fort of the city of Haran.. The next day, the Parthians reached Haran, but when night came, Crassus fled with the rest of his army and took refuge in the surrounding mountains.. But it didn't take long before the Parthians found them and besieged them. Crassus, who no longer saw the possibility and strength of standing or fighting, surrendered himself and his soldiers to Sorena.. In order to mock and humiliate Crassus, who had so ambitiously and impudently invaded the territory of the Parthian kingdom, the conquering general of Parthia put him on a horse in Seleucia and rode him around the city accompanied by a group of singers, musicians and criminals. And then he executed him and sent his head to Ard in Armenia.
In this way, this first war between Iran and Rome, which was at the peak of its power and strength in that era, ended with a decisive and resounding victory of the Iranians, and this supremacy and supremacy prevailed in most of the battles between Iran and Rome. (Both in the Parthian era and in the Sassanid era) More or less preserved.

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bibliography:
Plutarch: "History of Ancient Iran", Hassan Pirnia, Afrasiab Publications, 1378, Volume III, pp. 2021-47 Dariush Kiani[/quote]