Inscription line

Darius I, Bisotun (DB4.)

DB4. · 65

Parallel reading

Script, transliteration, and transcription

Old Persian cuneiform: 𐏐 𐎴𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏁𐎣𐎢𐎰𐎡𐎶 𐏐 𐎴𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎬(𐎢)𐎵𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎶 𐏐 𐏀𐎢𐎼 𐏐 𐎠𐎤𐎢𐎴𐎺𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎶𐎫/𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎠
Transliteration: : n-i-y : š-k-u-ϑ-i-m : n-i-y : tu-(u)-nu-u-v-t-m : z-u-r : a-ku-u-n-v-m : m-r-t-i-y : h-y : h-m-t-/x-š-t-a
Transcription: : naiy : škauϑim : naiy : tunuvatam : zūra : akunavam : martiya : hya : hamataxšatā
Editorial note: Source line has all recorded text layers. Machine-generated and unreviewed

Audio reading of line 65

Synthetic, approximate reading

Duration 0:11

Missing or unreadable parts use a sound cue and an English announcement; reconstructed readings are also announced in English. Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review.

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Listening guide

This file is a synthetic, approximate reading of the Old Persian text. As you listen:

A chime and the phrase “This part is missing or unreadable”: this part of the inscription is lost or unreadable, and no definite reading is available.
The phrase “Possible reconstructed reading”: what follows is a proposed reading of a reconstructed section and is not certain.
Pauses between sections: these separate parts of the reading; the length of a pause does not indicate the number of missing words.

Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review. To understand the text’s meaning, read the translation provided on this page.

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Text source, rights and permission

The text used for this reading comes from the TITUS Old Persian corpus, part of the TITUS project at Goethe University Frankfurt. Rights to the original data, texts and sources belong to their respective rights holders and remain independent of the rights to Parsiandej’s own contributions.

TITUS data is used in this system for educational, research and non-commercial purposes with written permission from the TITUS project. Coordination with the company does not replace any permissions required from the rights holders of the original sources.

Translation and meaning

Recorded English translations

Machine-generated and unreviewedMachine-generated and unreviewed

not · weak · not · strong · unjustly · do · man · who · cooperate

Status: Machine-generated and unreviewed
Generator version: parsiandej-en-literal-b9b9284386e8ad0489cabc25ec9f186dad5830b53f51ff3a562dcc90dffec5f7
Confidence: Not recorded
Unresolved tokens: 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐

Machine-generated and unreviewed; this is not a human-reviewed critical translation.

Words in this line

Segmentation and word analysis

Words in line 65
Position	Inscriptional form	Lemma	Analysis
1	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
2	𐎴𐎡𐎹n-i-y	nai̯	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for nai̯; English gloss: not. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
3	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
4	𐏁𐎣𐎢𐎰𐎡𐎶š-k-u-ϑ-i-m	skau̯θi-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for škau̯θim; English gloss: weak. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
5	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
6	𐎴𐎡𐎹n-i-y	nai̯	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for nai̯; English gloss: not. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
7	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
8	𐎬(𐎢)𐎵𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎶tu-(u)-nu-u-v-t-m	tunuvanta-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for tunuvantam; English gloss: strong. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
9	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
10	𐏀𐎢𐎼z-u-r	zura	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for zura; English gloss: unjustly. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
11	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
12	𐎠𐎤𐎢𐎴𐎺𐎶a-ku-u-n-v-m	kar	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for akunavam; English gloss: do. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
13	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
14	𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹m-r-t-i-y	martiya	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for martiya; English gloss: man. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
15	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
16	𐏃𐎹h-y	haya/taya-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for haya; English gloss: who. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
17	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
18	𐏃𐎶𐎫/𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎠h-m-t-/x-š-t-a	ham-taxš	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for hamataxšantā; English gloss: cooperate. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed

Scholarly traceability

Source and stable identifier

DB4. 65

View line in source Data preparation and notation guide

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TITUS Old Persian corpus

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Old Persian linguistic data sourced in part from the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, TITUS Project, Goethe University Frankfurt. Used with written permission of the TITUS Project.

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The TITUS corpus is based on editions by Roland G. Kent, Manfred Mayrhofer, and Rüdiger Schmitt; data entry was completed by S. Gindro, S. Scarlata, and P. Widmer under the supervision of G. E. Dunkel; G. Keydana and J. Gippert provided additions and improvements; A. Sarhadi and M. Esnaashari added the transcription text and cuneiform-to-Unicode conversion; and J. Gippert, J. Martínez García, and M. Esnaashari prepared the TITUS version.

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