Inscription line

Darius I, Bisotun (DB4.)

DB4. · 55

Contains editorial restoration

Parallel reading

Script, transliteration, and transcription

Old Persian cuneiform: 𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎴𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎱𐎥[𐎢]𐎭[𐎹𐎠]𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎣𐎠𐎼𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎶 𐏐
Transliteration: h-du-u-g-a-m : n-i-y : a-p-g-[u]-d-[y-a]-h-y : k-a-r-h-y-a : ϑ-a-h-y : a-u-r-m-z-d-a : ϑ-u-v-a-m :
Transcription: hadugām : naiy : apagaudayāhy : kārahyā : ϑāhy : Auramazdā : ϑuvām :
Editorial note: Source line has all recorded text layers. Machine-generated and unreviewed

Audio reading of line 55

Synthetic, approximate reading

Duration 0:11

Missing or unreadable parts use a sound cue and an English announcement; reconstructed readings are also announced in English. Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review.

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Listening guide

This file is a synthetic, approximate reading of the Old Persian text. As you listen:

A chime and the phrase “This part is missing or unreadable”: this part of the inscription is lost or unreadable, and no definite reading is available.
The phrase “Possible reconstructed reading”: what follows is a proposed reading of a reconstructed section and is not certain.
Pauses between sections: these separate parts of the reading; the length of a pause does not indicate the number of missing words.

Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review. To understand the text’s meaning, read the translation provided on this page.

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Text source, rights and permission

The text used for this reading comes from the TITUS Old Persian corpus, part of the TITUS project at Goethe University Frankfurt. Rights to the original data, texts and sources belong to their respective rights holders and remain independent of the rights to Parsiandej’s own contributions.

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Translation and meaning

Recorded English translations

Machine-generated and unreviewedMachine-generated and unreviewed

report · not · occlude · people · say · Ahuramazdā · you

Status: Machine-generated and unreviewed
Generator version: parsiandej-en-literal-b9b9284386e8ad0489cabc25ec9f186dad5830b53f51ff3a562dcc90dffec5f7
Confidence: Not recorded
Unresolved tokens: 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐

Machine-generated and unreviewed; this is not a human-reviewed critical translation.

Words in this line

Segmentation and word analysis

Words in line 55
Position	Inscriptional form	Lemma	Analysis
1	𐏃𐎯𐎢𐎥𐎠𐎶h-du-u-g-a-m	handugā-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for handugām; English gloss: report. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
2	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
3	𐎴𐎡𐎹n-i-y	nai̯	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for nai̯; English gloss: not. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
4	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
5	𐎠𐎱𐎥[𐎢]𐎭[𐎹𐎠]𐏃𐎹a-p-g-[u]-d-[y-a]-h-y	apa-gau̯d	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for apagau̯dayāhi; English gloss: occlude. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
6	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
7	𐎣𐎠𐎼𐏃𐎹𐎠k-a-r-h-y-a	kāra-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for kārahyā; English gloss: people. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
8	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
9	𐎰𐎠𐏃𐎹ϑ-a-h-y	θa	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for θāhi; English gloss: say. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
10	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
11	𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠a-u-r-m-z-d-a	A.uramazdā	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for A.uramazdā; English gloss: Ahuramazdā. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
12	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
13	𐎰𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎶ϑ-u-v-a-m	θuva-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for θuvām; English gloss: you. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
14	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded

Scholarly traceability

Source and stable identifier

DB4. 55

View line in source Data preparation and notation guide

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TITUS Old Persian corpus

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Old Persian linguistic data sourced in part from the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, TITUS Project, Goethe University Frankfurt. Used with written permission of the TITUS Project.

Scholarly evidence chain and method of use

The TITUS corpus is based on editions by Roland G. Kent, Manfred Mayrhofer, and Rüdiger Schmitt; data entry was completed by S. Gindro, S. Scarlata, and P. Widmer under the supervision of G. E. Dunkel; G. Keydana and J. Gippert provided additions and improvements; A. Sarhadi and M. Esnaashari added the transcription text and cuneiform-to-Unicode conversion; and J. Gippert, J. Martínez García, and M. Esnaashari prepared the TITUS version.

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