Inscription line

Darius I, Bisotun (DB4.)

DB4. · 38

Contains editorial restoration

Parallel reading

Script, transliteration, and transcription

Old Persian cuneiform: 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎱𐎹𐎢𐎺𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎼𐎫[𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎢]𐎩𐎴 𐏐 𐎠𐏃𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎺𐎶 𐏐 𐎢𐎳𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎶 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎿𐎠 𐏐 𐎹/𐎮𐎡𐎹
Transliteration: p-t-i-p-y-u-v-a : m-r-t-[i-y : h-y : d-r-u]-j-n : a-h-t-i-y : a-v-m : u-f-r-š-t-m : p-r-s-a : y-/di-i-y
Transcription: patipayauvā : martiya : hya : draujana : ahatiy : avam : ufraštam : parsā : yadiy
Editorial note: Source line has all recorded text layers. Machine-generated and unreviewed

Audio reading of line 38

Synthetic, approximate reading

Duration 0:11

Missing or unreadable parts use a sound cue and an English announcement; reconstructed readings are also announced in English. Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review.

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Listening guide

This file is a synthetic, approximate reading of the Old Persian text. As you listen:

A chime and the phrase “This part is missing or unreadable”: this part of the inscription is lost or unreadable, and no definite reading is available.
The phrase “Possible reconstructed reading”: what follows is a proposed reading of a reconstructed section and is not certain.
Pauses between sections: these separate parts of the reading; the length of a pause does not indicate the number of missing words.

Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review. To understand the text’s meaning, read the translation provided on this page.

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Text source, rights and permission

The text used for this reading comes from the TITUS Old Persian corpus, part of the TITUS project at Goethe University Frankfurt. Rights to the original data, texts and sources belong to their respective rights holders and remain independent of the rights to Parsiandej’s own contributions.

TITUS data is used in this system for educational, research and non-commercial purposes with written permission from the TITUS project. Coordination with the company does not replace any permissions required from the rights holders of the original sources.

Translation and meaning

Recorded English translations

Machine-generated and unreviewedMachine-generated and unreviewed

beware of sth. · man · who · believer in falsehood · be · that one · heavily punished · ask · if

Status: Machine-generated and unreviewed
Generator version: parsiandej-en-literal-b9b9284386e8ad0489cabc25ec9f186dad5830b53f51ff3a562dcc90dffec5f7
Confidence: Not recorded
Unresolved tokens: 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐

Machine-generated and unreviewed; this is not a human-reviewed critical translation.

Words in this line

Segmentation and word analysis

Words in line 38
Position	Inscriptional form	Lemma	Analysis
1	𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎱𐎹𐎢𐎺𐎠p-t-i-p-y-u-v-a	pati-pā	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for patipaya.uvā; English gloss: beware of sth.. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
2	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
3	𐎶𐎼𐎫[𐎡𐎹m-r-t-[i-y	martiya	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for martiya; English gloss: man. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
4	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
5	𐏃𐎹h-y	haya/taya-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for haya; English gloss: who. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
6	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
7	𐎭𐎼𐎢]𐎩𐎴d-r-u]-j-n	drau̯jana-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for drau̯jana; English gloss: believer in falsehood. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
8	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
9	𐎠𐏃𐎫𐎡𐎹a-h-t-i-y	ah	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for ahati; English gloss: be. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
10	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
11	𐎠𐎺𐎶a-v-m	hau̯/ava-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for avam; English gloss: that one. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
12	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
13	𐎢𐎳𐎼𐏁𐎫𐎶u-f-r-š-t-m	ufrašta-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for ufraštam; English gloss: heavily punished. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
14	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
15	𐎱𐎼𐎿𐎠p-r-s-a	fraθ	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for pṛsā; English gloss: ask. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
16	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
17	𐎹/𐎮𐎡𐎹y-/di-i-y	yadi	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for yadi; English gloss: if. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed

Scholarly traceability

Source and stable identifier

DB4. 38

View line in source Data preparation and notation guide

Source and permission for use

TITUS Old Persian corpus

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Old Persian linguistic data sourced in part from the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, TITUS Project, Goethe University Frankfurt. Used with written permission of the TITUS Project.

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The TITUS corpus is based on editions by Roland G. Kent, Manfred Mayrhofer, and Rüdiger Schmitt; data entry was completed by S. Gindro, S. Scarlata, and P. Widmer under the supervision of G. E. Dunkel; G. Keydana and J. Gippert provided additions and improvements; A. Sarhadi and M. Esnaashari added the transcription text and cuneiform-to-Unicode conversion; and J. Gippert, J. Martínez García, and M. Esnaashari prepared the TITUS version.

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