Sassanians from the beginning to the end-skills, part two

second part(Click here to see the first part)

(Bahram V)

In the fifth century after Shapur II, ten Sassanid kings have ruled, the most famous of which is Bahram V known as Bahram Gur. . In this century, one of the important issues of Sasanian society was the issue of Christians .

In the fourth century AD, Christianity became the official religion of Rome . The support of the Roman government to the Christian Tebra of the Sassanid government created new problems . Because a number of residents of the western borders of Iran and especially in Armenia had become Christians . Christians who, in terms of their religious affairs, were directed towards their religious center of the Eastern Roman Empire . They were constantly being pressured by the Sassanid government for accompanying and cooperating with the Romans . In addition, because every day a number of Iranians became Christians . This was expensive for the Sassanid government and the Mobdans, this kind of affairs made the internal situation of Iran chaotic and gave an opportunity to the Mobdans and elders who wanted to exploit the oppression of Christians for their own benefit. . As many times, there was a dispute between them and the Sassanid kings regarding the fact that they did not treat the Christians well with the priests, because the kings wanted to treat the Christians well. .

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(Wars of Bahram V)

During the reign of Bahram V, the issue of Christians caused a renewed conflict between Iran and Rome . As a result, the parties prepared for war again . But the invasion of the Hayatele desert tribe to the north of Khorasan made it more necessary for Bahram V to deal with it . Bahram's plan was to surprise them and it happened . As a result, they were crushed and fled to the other side of the Jihun River . After the defeat of the enemy, the war between Iran and Rome started, and although it continued for years, none of the sides were definitively victorious. . As a result, they agreed to peace . In this peace, it was decided that Christians in Iran and Zoroastrians in Rome would have freedom . But due to Mobdan's opposition, this appointment was not carried out .

(Qabad and the problem of Mazdakians)

When the Sassanid king Qabad came to the throne in 487 AD,

The Sassanid government had many problems .

These problems were briefly: :

1- Foreign wars of the Sassanid government were repeated every few years .

2- The differences between the king and the elders were among the issues that

The Sassanid government witnessed it early on when each new king came to power .

elders ( Reverends, army commanders and... ) who wished to increase their power and

They always wanted to bring the king under their influence .

3- Elders fight with each other to get more points and

High officials were also one of the conflicts that never ended .

4- The class system of Sassanid society .

After Bahram Gur once again, Hayatele resumed their attacks and

They looted the border areas . The victor of the Sassanid kings who had gone against them

killed . As a result of these events, chaos and many problems arose .

And there was a great conflict over the appointment of the crown prince .

In such a situation, one of the elders, whose name was Mazdak, and who favored the crown prince Kaus, the son of Qobad, tried to attract Qobad's attention. . The reason why Qobad paid attention to Mazdak was the fans he got from him . In the conditions of drought and the general problem of food, Mazdak had demanded the distribution of wheat from government warehouses among the people . Also, he did not agree with the encroachment of the military on the property and property of Spoorhan in those circumstances . When Qabad saw people's attention to Mazdak, he brought him close to him and took measures with his advice . Mazdak and his supporters also supported Qabad against the elders who opposed him . So Qabad got the opportunity and killed the opposing elders.

The actions of Qobad and Mazdak could not quickly suppress all the opposition elders, and as a result, some of them had the opportunity to express their opposition and take action. . In this way, Mubadan, who was one of Mazdak's opponents, and Anushirvan, another son of Qabad, accompanied them. . By making Anoushirvan the crown prince against Kaus, they also gained the collective support of the courtiers . Because this group increased their opposition to Qabad, and he, who saw the foundation of his family's monarchy in danger, joined Anushirvan and turned away from the Mazdakians. . After that, Mazdak and his followers were killed . The story of the Mazdakians apparently ended, and at the end of this story, Anushirvan became the king of Iran .

(Anoushirvan Adel)

In the first years of his reign, Anushirvan suppressed the remnants of Mazdak and punished those nobles and soldiers who had accompanied Mazdak. . Anushirvan made reforms during his reign, among other things, he changed the way the military was organized, so that it would be better monitored and more active to deal with foreign invasions. . Also, he changed the way of paying the salaries of the soldiers and thus calmed them down . Another measure of Anushirvan was to change the method of collecting taxes and handling complaints, as he sent agents to the provinces to investigate the actions of governors and investigate people's complaints. . These measures relied more on Anoushirvan's individual abilities and made the situation orderly and calm . In fact, Anushirvan made the Sasanian government strong again, and for that reason, he is considered one of the most famous kings of that dynasty. . At the beginning of Anushirvan's reign, due to the disorder in his internal situation, he tried to find friendship with the Roman government. . The Roman emperor Justinian also accepted his peace proposal as he was planning to launch campaigns in Europe. . After the peace and reconciliation between the two governments, Justine Nin succeeded in many conquests in the northern regions. Anoushirvan was worried about his powerful . By this time, he had succeeded in calming down the internal situation . As a result, in search of an opportunity, following the difference between the two governments, Hira and Ghassan were found . Hirah was an Arab state that was located on the borders of Iran and was subordinate to the Sassanid government . Ghassan was also an Arab state that was located in Syria and was considered a subordinate state of the Roman state . The differences between Hayrah and Ghassan and the intervention of Justinian provided the right opportunity to declare war on Rome . Therefore, he moved towards Syria with a large army and by conquering that land, he paid heavy compensation to the Romans . Then they defeated the Romans in another war and accepted their conditions . Anoushirvan was also able to defeat and expel the Abyssinians from Yemen in subsequent wars, making the country of Yemen subordinate to the Iranian government. . Also, by uniting with the Turks in Central Asia, the Iranian troops were able to inflict a severe defeat on the tribes of Hayatele .

(Khosrow Parviz)

After Anushirvan, his son Hormuz IV came to the throne . During his time, the elders of the country gained a lot of power, and most of Hormuz's time was spent limiting their actions . Among these elders is a person named Bahram Chubin, who was one of the army commanders . At that time, the Turks attacked North Khorasan, Bahram went to war against them and was able to win a great victory . Bahram's great fame caused Hormoz to worry and he did not receive Bahram well on his return. . During the rebellion, one of the sons of Hormuz, named Khosrow Parvez, escaped from Iran and became a refugee of the Roman government, the Roman government provided Khosrow Parvez with a huge army by taking many privileges. . Khosrow Parviz was able to defeat Bahram Chubin with the help of Roman troops and become the king of Iran himself After reaching the throne, Khosrow Parviz organized a very luxurious court for himself . In his court, the Christians, who were under pressure until then, gained a lot of influence . Because one of Khosrow's wives named Maryam was the daughter of the Roman emperor and another one of his wives named Shirin was also a Christian . This matter was not approved by Mobdan, but Khosrow's violence did not allow anyone to disagree with him .

Not long after the reign of Khosrow Parvez, his father-in-law, Caesar of Rome, was killed during a rebellion . Khosrow Parviz, who was looking for an opportunity to open the country, used the blood lust of the Roman emperor as an excuse and provided a huge force for the war. . Khosroparviz's armies entered the Roman territory from two sides . A part of the army went to Syria and after capturing Syria, Palestine and Lebanon, they reached the Mediterranean Sea.

The other part of the army entered Asia Minor and advanced towards Constantinople, the capital of Rome . The conquests that the Iranian army made until this time were due to the efforts and sacrifices of two generals known as Shaherbraz and Shahin. . At the last stage of his advance, Shaherbraz also conquered Egypt and Shahin reached the gates of Constantinople . By this time, more than ten years had passed since the start of the Persian-Roman wars .

Heraclius offered peace to Khosrow Parviz. The Iranian generals also thought of ending the advance . Because the Iranian troops had reached the shores of the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the continuation of the battle was only possible with the navy . While Iranians had no navy and Rome had a powerful navy . But Khosrow Parviz, who had become very proud and was eager to get many other spoils, refused to make peace. . As a result, while the Iranian troops were tired, the Romans entered the war with all their might to save themselves .

Heraclius' plan was to use the navy to land the force in the closest position to Iran . For this reason, while the Iranian troops had advanced deep into Roman territory, he disembarked from the ship with his troops in Georgia and quickly attacked Azariaijan. . This action of his was considered an attack on the back of the Iranian front, and before the different Iranian armies joined together, he surprised them and broke them. . While destroying cities and villages, Heraclius advanced from Azerbaijan to Tisophon . Khosrow Parvez was in charge of the Iranian army to fight him .

Because Shahin had died at this time and Shahrbraz had maintained all his positions in Syria and Egypt with his strength. . But Khosrow escaped from Heraclius and defeated the Iranians . One of the reasons for this defeat was Khosrow's mistreatment of generals and soldiers, which made them very angry .

After the defeat of Rome, the soldiers and generals revolted, arrested Khosrow Parvez and put him in prison. . Khosrow Parviz's wars with the Romans lasted nearly 25 years, and the casualties and injuries that came to Iran from these wars are considered one of the important factors in the fall of the Sassanids. .

(The fall of the Sassanids)

The disgruntled elders killed Khosrow Parvez in prison and put his son Shiravieh on the throne in 629 AD. . But he was also killed in the same year . Within a year, three people sat on the throne, but were immediately deposed or killed . At that time, the division and struggle for power became so much that it is said that within four years, twelve people reached the throne, but they were not successful in their work. . At this time, due to the weakness of the kingdom and the inability to repel the attacks of the Romans and immigrant tribes, the country's situation had become very chaotic, and Yazd Gard III, the last Sassanid king, could not improve this situation. .

(Arab invasion of Iran)

Around the year 633 AD equal to 12 AH, Muslims reached the shrines of Iran . Before that, Muhammad Ibn Abdullah had invited him to Islam through a letter to Khosrow Parvez .

After the death of Muhammad and during the caliphate of Abu Bakr, Khaledin Walid reached the borders of Iran in Mesopotamia with Arab troops. . On the borders of Iran, one of the chiefs of the Arab tribes adjacent to the borders of Iran, named Mushani bin Haritha, guided him. . Before Khosrow Parvez, the duty of defending Iran's borders against the Bedouins was with the Hirah government . But when Khosrow Parviz removed the government of Hirah, the Iranian border guards were responsible for confronting the Bedouins . Khaledin Walid defeated the border guards in the attack on Iran .

In the year 14 AH equal to 636 AD, the Arab armies won against the Iranian army under the command of Rostam Farrokhzad in the battle of Qadsiyah. Following this defeat, the city of Madain, the capital of the Sassanids, fell. . Yazgerd III retreated to the center of Iran . In the year 21 Hijri, near Nahavand, the Sassanid troops lined up against the Arabs . In this war, the Sassanid army was defeated, Yazgerd III fled to the north of Khorasan, the Arabs entered Iran, and one after another the cities and settlements were destroyed and fell by the Arabs. .

In the year 31 Hijri, Yazgerd III was killed in the north of Khorasan by a miller who coveted his silk clothes and woven gold, and thus in the year 31 Hijri equal to 652 AD, the glorious reign of the Sassanid dynasty ended. .

(Arts and techniques of the Sassanid era)

One of the most important works left from the Sassanid era is the large buildings made of stone and plaster . These buildings, which include fire temple, palace and castle, can be seen everywhere in Iran . During the Sassanid era, many cities were built, all of which had towers and ramparts and other defense facilities . Like Bishapur and Firozabad(Pirouzabad) In Fars province, Gandishapur, Tisfon and the like . In these cities, there were fire temples, palaces and castles, whose traces are still there . Madain Palace near Baghdad, Dokhtar Castle near Firozabad and Firezabad Fire Temple are among them . One of the important buildings of the Sassanid period was Gandishapur, which was a scientific and educational center and, as it were, the first university in the world .