When Reza Shah stood against the British!(Sheikh Khazael)
"In 1922, a contract was signed between Captain Percy Zachariakax and Khazael, which was the beginning of the empathy of an Iranian citizen with foreign nationals. :
"The Government of His Majesty the King of England is ready to provide you with the necessary support in order to find a satisfactory solution in case of any encroachment of the Iranian government on your territory and to recognize your rights to your property in Iran.
The temptation of the British, the weakness of the Qajar central government and the chaos caused by the constitutional era made Sheikh Khazaal think of autonomy. Khazaal in 1922 (1,300 kh)With the help of the British consul in Ahvaz, he united the Arab and Bakhtiari tribes and declared "Free Arabia" officially for the first time and called himself "Emir of Arabia".!
At the same time, the British agents in Baghdad, Cairo and Syria were adding fuel to the furnace of the division of Khuzestan by inserting articles whose subjects were provided from the "M15" archive and inciting the Arabs of Khuzestan, who had always made sacrifices for the cause of Iran, against the country's independence..
Khazal had to be punished for his dependence on British colonial policy and for disobeying government orders, and this is how Reza Shah views Khazal's story in his travelogue of Khuzestan.:
"I could not sit in the center of the country and see that Mesopotamian newspapers(Iraq)Rejoice(Syria) Khuzestan is introduced as an Arab nation and Khazal Arab is introduced as its Amir Balestiqlal..."
Sheikh Khazal became close and friendly with Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Atabak and other courtiers and always bought their hearts with offerings and money, and the result of these measures was that his rule in Khorramshahr and Falahiya(the happy ones)He dealt with Tehran separately from the government of Khuzestan, then he was given the rulership of Ahvaz. Also, in 1319 AH, the lands on this side of Karun, which were the property of the government, were handed over to him by the order of the Shah for a few money. Umi tried. Also, the sheikh had taken the daughter of Nizam al-Sultaneh, who was one of the close relatives of the king at that time. He also had the daughter of the brother of Prince Abdul Majid Ain al-Dawlah with a woman who was very close to the courtiers. The sheikh was given the title of Sardar Aqdas instead of Moazal Sultaneh, and he was given the rank of Amir Tumani to the rank of Amir. They carried him away. From Ansushikh, the hand of oppression was extended to the Arabs, and his spies were scattered everywhere, and as soon as they suspected anyone, they would kill him..
In 1320 AH, Sheikhs Nasar, Idris, and Moghaddam, who are three clans from Ka'b's tribe, made a pact to kill the Sheikh. (in Khorramshahr)slaves and they all died there.
One of Khazal's masterpieces was that every Shiukhi who refused to pay his tribe's tax, Khazal asked the government to collect the tax of that tribe as well. The government, which was not stable in those years, was busy with other events from Khazal's proposal. Satisfied, he immediately handed over the control of that tribe to him. The first thing he did was to expel the sheikh or put him in prison and put a relative of his in his place. Khazael was so attached to his dreams that He did not spare any bloodshed on the way.
In 1325 AH, "Abdul Masih Antaki" went to Khorramshahr and made himself close to the sheikh. He gave odes to the sheikh, flattered and humbled him and called the sheikh the king of Arabia. It is very funny that this ignorant poet called Sheikh Khazal himself the king of The eldest son of Sheikh "Sheikh Jaseb", the crown prince and Haji Muhammad Ali, the head of the trade, who was the forerunner of the sheikh, Al-Wazir-al-Akbar is shaved, although the poet himself says that he was beaten on top of the Qiliyeh kiosk in Khorramshahr and on top of the Sheikh's ship..
Every year, Khazal sent thousands of liras to Masih Antiaki and other Egyptian and Iraqi journalists to write him as the Amir of Arabia in their newspapers and magazines. They are known as "Al-Mossin Al-Kabir"..
If people believe that Reza Shah was brought to power by the British, they should give the necessary answer to history, how a British agent was able to stand on the throat of the British people and crush the agreements of Khazal and the British under his feet, and in spite of the anger and objection of the British Foreign Ministry, he sent an army to Khuzestan and hatched a conspiracy. break up the division of Khuzestan?!
Reza Shah first called Khazal to obey, but his answer was the same:
"I don't know you as the head of the government at all. You are a usurper who innocently expelled the constitutional king of the country, occupied the capital, and usurped the government forces."!
The one who is in command of the British calls Reza Shah a usurper!After sending this response, Sheikh Khazal formed a committee called "Qiyam Saadat" and/or sent a petition signed by 15,000 people to the international community and requested that Reza Khan's encroachment on the territory be stopped.! He was prevented and then wrote a letter to the British Consul in Ahvaz and stated his demands as follows:
۱- An Iranian soldier in Saudi Arabia(Khuzestan)did not stay.
۲- All my orders are approved.
۳- The tax that is my responsibility should be the same as before.
4- England must fulfill the promises it made to me and the contracts it made with me.
۵- I have promised that I will protect the interests of the British government!
Ethnoist writers should be asked that if someone pulls the British government agent down from the seat of power and stands tall in front of foreigners, has he imposed racist discourse on Iran?
In any case, Reza Shah had made up his mind about Khuzestan .
Oder writes his travelogue:
"My decision is unshakable, and no matter what the power may be, I will change artificial Arabia to the original name of Khuzestan, and I will make that state an inseparable part of my homeland, and I will not allow an Arab patriot to call himself an independent emir, relying on Mesopotamian newspapers and foreign propaganda. From the largest elots of Iran or the court of the sultans, he made Jah the playground of his criminal hands.
During his departure to Khuzestan, Sardar Sepe faced the official opposition of British Minister Mukhtar in Tehran. The protest letter is as follows.:
The government of the King of England is now forced to state that they can no longer put pressure on Sheikh Mahmarra and the Bakhtiaris to continue their silence. Whenever the current operations of Iranian agents cause harm and loss of life to British citizens. The government of His Majesty the King of England for themselves preserves the right to take measures to protect the life and property of British subjects in any way it deems appropriate and necessary.
The second note of the British Embassy in Tehran, which was sent the same evening, is as follows:
We must remind you that in November 1924(1292 solar)The government of His Majesty the King of England has given official assurances to Mr. Ajal Sheikh Mahmrah that in the event of an encroachment by the government against Muazi Aliyeh's recognized rights or his property and interest in Iran, they will be ready to find a solution that The Government of His Majesty the King of England will use all their efforts to keep the Sheikh in his current state and local independence..
Reza Shah returned both these notes to the British Embassy and considered one as a violation of Iran's sovereignty and independence. On the same day, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent the following response to the British Embassy on the order of Reza Shah.:
The opinion of the parents of the government against this action was that because they considered the content of the letters to be completely against the international legal principles and the right of sovereignty and independence of Iran, the said letter should be rejected..”
The British government, seeing an opponent like Reza Shah as stubborn and inflexible, thought of a military parade and turned Basra into a weapons depot so that weapons could be sent to Sheikh Khazal.!
This is stated in the documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of England:If there is no excuse for sending military forces and Iranian forces express their determination to occupy Sheikh's lands, then we must create a rebellion among the Arabs so that as a result of the aforementioned rebellion there will be dangers for the oil pipelines, then by deploying forces in Ahvaz, the minister's plan the war (army chief) invalidate and overtake him!
However, Sardarsepe, the Minister of War and Prime Minister of Iran, went to Khuzestan on 15th of Aban 1304, and he did not pay attention to the disturbing dreams that Lord Curzon, the British Foreign Minister, had had, and unlike the previous prime ministers, who had turned a blind eye to Khazal's actions out of fear of the British, he went to Khuzestan with open eyes. He rushed to either force Khazal, the recipient of a medal from the King of England, to obey the government, or bury him and his thoughts in the burning soil of Khuzestan, and remove the heat of xenophobia from the faces of the patriotic Arab-speaking tribes..
At the same time, Khazal was trying to gather forces to fight with Reza Shah and he sent some to the houses of Bakhtiari, Veler, and Qashqai. They should write articles against Reza Shah and slander Iran and Iranians!He also sent a telegram to the Arab sheikhs and other elders of Khuzestan and the scholars of Najaf .Mr. Mirza Hossein Naini and Mr. Mirza Abulhasan Esfahani, who were the greatest mujtahids in Najaf, knew Khazal and were aware of his black deeds. They wrote a fatwa that whoever shows hostility to the Iranian government has left Islam, and this fatwa was published in newspapers..
Despite all these actions, Khazaal could not resist Reza Shah, and on 15 December 1303, Khazaal went to welcome Reza Shah outside Ahvaz, and most importantly, Ahvaz and Khuzestan returned to the homeland without bloodshed..
Khazal said this in a meeting with Sardar Sepe to apologize for his past:
I do bad and you punish bad, so what is the difference between me and you? say
This is not the case at all, they were the rulers of Khuzestan for 10 generations before Sheikh Khazaal, but they never separated themselves from the central government and Iran. The issue of Sheikh Khazaal's opposition was that Reza Shah, who was a person with no roots, had usurped the throne. When Khazal wanted to fight, he had 25,000 military forces and several warships, and even Ahmad Shah was supposed to enter Iran from Khorramshahr, which was then called Mahmra, and help him to sit on the throne again, but for some reason, England opposed it, as well as The reason is that the authorities of Najaf(To prevent civil war)They said that fighting with the central government is equivalent to leaving the religion, and Khazal agreed with Reza Shah to prevent war and bloodshed, but Reza Shah's forces stormed his house at night and captured him, and later Reza Shah killed him like the others. In fact, Reza Shah was a forceful person and did not tolerate powerful people, and on the other hand, he was afraid of Sheikh Khazal's wealth and power, even when he was in captivity.. Reza Shah and a group of Cossacks who did not have much power, but Reza Shah subverted many people's heads with cunning. Of course, Reza Shah himself was a puppet of England at that time. And England, because Khazael took a large percentage of the oil income, was more inclined to get Khazael out of power. Later, Reza Shah was able to assert himself by acquiring the huge wealth of Khazaal and other parts of the country and tried to raise his own name by ruining the names of others, but the reality of history sometimes cannot be hidden, as until the time when the Khazaal family According to the central government of Khuzestan, not a single bit of southern Khuzestan was separated, but during Pahlavi's time, you saw that Bahrain was separated, and even if it wasn't for the help of Sheikh Khazaal's grandson, Sardar Farid Khazaal, England would have separated the three islands from us..
Long live Iran
Friends, let it be known that if I could see a little anti-Iranian smell in Sheikh Khazal, I would be more hostile to him than you. I am not a separatist, but I have full faith that the current borders around Iran are not sacred, and he should remove them and each of them should be A few hundred kilometers away, I believe I will go to Iranshahr – So please don't let anyone think that I slander others like children or praise someone unselfishly
Enmity with Sheikh Khazal has two reasons, one is that he was an Arab and the other is that he was an Arab, otherwise Reza Shah had problems with many generals, but we have no problems with them. – A friend says that you call a traitor a national, bring proof, will it be seen as animosity? Shaikh Khazal's family ties and the names of many of his children were Iranian. You say it was from his stepfather. And having a house in Tehran, you say Qajar was the enemy, after all it was the government of Iran – With all the problems he had with Sheikh Khazaal, Reza Shah never accused him of treason, at least I wish Reza Shah had some masculinity in the presence of those who insult Sheikh Khazaal day and night. Sheikh Khazaal is neither my cousin's son nor did he benefit But as I see all his employees were Shirazi, Bushehri and Behbahani, and at that time even the good ones of Iran had all become unpaid mercenaries and were obliged to the Ottomans. The Kurds of Sheikh Khazal's support for the Iranians of Kuwait and Bahrain should also be kept in mind - you don't see that the Pan-Iranian pages have all become the same, like the Pan-Turkish and Pan-Arab pages. – So where is the fairness and wisdom of our Parsees? Sheikh Khazaal's children were close relatives of the Shah's family, and his son was friends with Shahriar Shafiq Bacha Ashraf, and they served in the Iranian army, and until now all Sheikh Khazaal's children are loyal to Iran. – Even though we have many great poets who would go and bring Ottomans to the Iran war until they got bored.
Hello, dear enlightened people. In the year 1920 England, Pakistan and India fought in Khuzestan. Who stood in front of them and resisted and defeated them?. Was it anyone but Sheikh Khazal and his soldiers?. The answer is no, only Sheikh Khazal al-Kaabi and his soldiers.. In the year 1910 The Orange War to Khuzestan, did the army of the Tehran government participate or only Khazaal's father, whose name was Sheikh Jaber, with the soldiers of Khuzestan. Before that, the Kuwait War (ragh) had a name. Only Sheikh Yusuf, father of Sheikh Jaber, father of Sheikh Khazal. who was the ruler of Khuzestan with the Khuzestan army that defended Khuzestan. Hundreds more wars to this earth (Khuzestan) whose name is Ahvaz (Al Nasiriyah) had happened. From the time of the Khawarij who fought with Hajjaj Yusuf al-Thaqafi until 1925. Did a kingdom or president of Tehran or Iran rule this land?. I just ask you to give me a convincing answer from the history book. Fash and rude words are never the answer. A small question for the wise (Reza Shah Pahlavi says that I went to Khuzestan alone and forced Sheikh Khazal to obey. Do you believe that a single man goes to Khuzestan and enters Shadgan and wants war. And the people of Khuzestan, especially the Shadganis, do not make it into kebabs or hamburgers.
Reza Khan moved to Khuzestan to punish the rebels. In the meantime, in order to preserve its resources in Iran and not to support Sheikh Khazal, England negotiated with the Sheikh about Reza Khan.. Among other things, the British consul had mentioned that the direct responsibility for any damage to the Iranian-British oil pipelines lies with the Iranian government and Reza Khan himself, but Reza Khan Sardarsepe, who was very angry with the British consul, showed more speed in attacking Khuzestan and stated He has no intention of reconsidering his decision and further delay in punishing the rebels is not allowed. Reza Khan on the 13th of December 1303 AH to Mahmrah (Khorramshahr) He went and settled in the palace of Khazal Filiyeh. According to the agreement reached between Reza Khan and Sheikh Khazal, the Sheikh was allowed to stay in Khuzestan, on the condition that he would receive his orders from the ruler of the province and a garrison of Iranian troops would remain in the province, and in return he ordered that the Sheikh's ownership of his properties and property Respected and take care so that the sheikh and his family are not harassed; But after some time, they informed Reza Khan that he plans to divide his property among his children and go outside of Iran, so Reza Khan, who was worried, went to Iraq and caused trouble.. During a meeting with Lorin, he requested that Khazal should come to Tehran and mentioned his presence only to answer many questions about real estate and his position for approval in the parliament.. The submission of the Sheikh to the central government was based on the understanding that Reza Khan would undertake not to harm the Sheikh in any way. Therefore, Sheikh came to Tehran on his own accord. Reza Khan, Sheikh Khazal on December 6, 1924 (Saturday, December 15, 1303-9 Jumadi al-Awl, 1343) Met. Although, before this meeting, Khazal had asked him to send one of his confidants to listen to his plea and deliver it to Reza Khan.. Reza Khan sent one of his personal confidants, Deir Azam Bahrami, to meet Khazal. During this meeting, Khazaal suggested that since Reza Khan would become the next king of Iran in the future, also, in need of an immediate escape, Khazaal offered him one of his granddaughters for marriage.. Bahrami rejected his "absolutely ridiculous" request (Mohammad Reza, the son of Reza Khan, was five years old at that time) and recommended that Khazaal send a telegram to the parliament with the message of "command and surrender"; which he did according to his duty; This exploded like a bomb among his accomplices. Khazal then requested an official meeting (which was previously set on December 6) became. As soon as Reza Khan entered the palace, Khazal fell at Reza Khan's feet and kissed his feet. Reza Khan describes him as a 65-year-old man, with a dark complexion, with yellow eyes, in which there was a "spark of cold mischief.". However, Reza Khan described him as too "flattering", old and thin by nature, who had been "seduced and provoked" by others, and henceforth he could be a close servant of the Iranian government.. Reza Khan accepted his apology and assured him that "if he receives an ominous warning that he will repeat his crime again", it will lead to his execution.. Then Reza Khan with Lorraine and Howard (who was a translator) met. When Lorin asked about Khazal's future, Reza Khan replied that he had already forgiven him.
Two weeks after the first meeting of Reza Khan and Sheikh Khazal, the government forces took full control of Khuzestan province and General Fazlullah Zahedi, who led the government forces against Khazal and his accomplices, was appointed as the military governor of the province and governor.. The name of the state has since been returned to its former official name of Khuzestan. After visiting other parts of the province, Reza Khan went to visit Shiite holy places in Iraq. Then for another meeting with Khazal to Mahramra (Khorramshahr) Return. On December 28, 1303 – (December 19, 1924) Reza Khan signed a document based on which Sheikh Khazal was forgiven and assured that his lands and private properties will be respected by the government and that he and his family will not be harassed.. In return, Khazal promised to pay all his outstanding debts and taxes to the government. Reza Khan had realized that despite the presence of Khazal in Khuzestan, peace and security would not be established in that province and a significant military force should be stationed in that area. slow Therefore, he planned to transfer the Sheikh to the capital and put him under surveillance, at the same time, he knew that Khazal would not come to Tehran voluntarily.. When they learned in the capital that Khazal was planning to leave Iran and live in his estate in Basra, Reza Khan told Percy Lorin in April 1925. (British Ambassador to Iran) He informed that Sheikh did not pay his tax debts and asked Lorin to convince Khazal to come to Tehran and settle the tax account.. Following this request, the British contacted Khazaal and encouraged him to do so, but Khazaal, who was naturally afraid of this process, left that request unanswered.. The Iranian authorities knew that the sheikh spends the nights until dawn on his yacht, drinking and frolicking with Arab dancers.. With the confidential instruction of Reza Khan to General Zahedi, on the night of April 29, 1304, when Khazaal and his companions were all drunk on the boat and having a good time with the dancers, following a night out, the troops entered Khazaal's yacht and arrested the Sheikh. He was sent to Tehran along with his son Abdul Hamid.
Secondly, you who claim that Sheikh Khazal was a patriot and that he defended Khuzestan, then how did he receive the knighthood of the British Empire????? How did he hand over Iran's oil to the British for free???? If Sheikh Ezal was a patriot, then why with the start of World War I in the year (1918–1917 AD) The British forces captured Khuzestan under the pretext of protecting the rule of Sheikh Khazal and the southern oil regions and confronting the Ottoman government.. Sheikh Khazal was their accomplice in the British campaigns??? And he was arbitrarily hostile to the Ottoman Turks??? And he gave information about Ottoman operations in Iraq to the British government??? On the other hand, in order to crush the resistance of the nomads and the people of the ports of the Persian Gulf, the British strengthened their military forces in the region and initiated the formation of the southern police..
The knighthood was due to some of his good actions, for example, he gave shelter to the Chaldean Christians who had fled their land after the famous massacre of Armenians by the Ottomans in the late 19th century and allowed them to build a church in Khorramshahr and in Ahvaz. They built their own church and school. Therefore, in recognition of this assistance, Pope Benedict XV awarded Sheikh Khazal the Order of "Gregory" in a special ceremony.…
The faculty member of Ferdowsi University raised;
Martyr Modares' support of Sheikh Khazal was due to his nationalist tendencies
Ferdowsi University faculty member said: Some historical sources refer to Sheikh Khazal, the head of the Bani Kaab tribe, in the Khuzestan region as a separatist person, while the martyr Hassan Modares supported him. I believe Sheikh Khazal was a nationalist.
According to the academic reporter of Iran Students News Agency(ISNA)- Khorasan region, Dr. Abbas Serafrazi stated at the Persian Gulf celebration held at Dr. Shariati Faculty of Literature, Ferdowsi University, referring to the ruling powers in the Persian Gulf region throughout history.: One of these powers was Sheikh Khazal from the tribe of Bani Ka'b. Khazal was from an important tribe that followed the Shiite religion and was located at the mouth of the Persian Gulf..
He added: Historical sources refer to Sheikh Khazaal as a rebel and separatist, but during these years, the question that was in my mind as a history teacher was that if Sheikh Khazaal was a separatist, why did Martyr Modares support him and a committee to It gave rise to the name of Qiyam Saadat.
Associate Professor of History Department at Ferdowsi University: This pro-Ahmed Shah Qajar committee against the coup 1299 and there was this question for me that despite these statements about Sheikh Khazal, Hassan Modares's support for him was a tacit mistake; But then I realized that there was no mistake and to find out the truth, we need to know more about the Bani Ka'b tribe..
He continued: The Bani Ka'b tribe lived in the "Hafr al-Batil" region between Arabia and Iraq and were in the Khuzestan region and around Khorramshahr and Bahmanshir, and they were able to gain power during the Safavid period. At first, the British supported Sheikh Khazal and he won the wars, but after a while, the British policy towards him changed..
Serafrazi noted: Various factors were involved in abandoning the face of Sheikh Khazal by the British; At first, the British supported various English sects; One of the fierce religious sects that conquered many lands was Wahhabism, and the British sought to replace all the sheikhs with Wahhabism. The revolution in Russia changed the British policy in Iran; At first, the British supported sectarianism, but with the revolution in Russia, their policy towards Iran changed..
He continued: Before, the British supported sectarianism, but with the occurrence of the Russian Revolution, their policies towards Iran changed. Therefore, they found it difficult to get rid of Sheikh Khazal and they believed that a powerful central government should be created; On the other hand, Sheikh Khazal had meetings with Ahmad Shah and Shia scholars in Najaf. That is why all the documents refer to him as a separatist and separatist.
He reminded: After this, Reza Shah came to this region to conquer Khuzestan and arrested and tried Sheikh Khazal, which he did with the coordination of the British. In fact, Khazal wanted to confront the colonial goals of the British, and if we see that the late Modares supported him, it is for this reason. Sheikh Khazal was looking for national unity, and during the Safavid period and especially Zandiya, this tribe could seek separatism while being loyal..
Excuse me, but the era of emptying and boasting and labeling a separatist and British servant as Iran friends is over.! Anyone who becomes a university professor and faculty does not necessarily speak the truth! If this claim is true, show proof and document that this gentleman was looking for national unity! Otherwise, many (I don't want to mention their names) With the same method, they removed from the Safavid period onwards from the history of Iran!
Thank God that we had wisdom / Where did we go wrong?
As long as the Khazal family was under the control of the central government of Khuzestan, not a single bit of southern Khuzestan was separated, but during the Pahlavi period, you saw that Bahrain was separated, and even if it was not for the help of Sheikh Khazal's grandson, Sardar Farid Khazal, England would have separated the three islands from us..
Long live Iran