Knowledge of the Achaemenid dynasty

History of Persian people (Achaemenids)

Persians were among the Iranian tribes who lived in the land of Pars . They were ten tribes, the most important tribe of this people “Pasargadian” They were .

The Achaemenians were also a tribe of this tribe. In the Assyrian inscriptions, the people of Pars are also mentioned . In the beginning, the Persians lived with the Medes at the foot of the Zagros mountains . Later, they migrated to the land of Pars and became subjects of the Median government.

Biston inscription in which Darius the Great described his actions

Persian and Madian soldiers

Apadana palace

Cyrus the Great – Achaemenids

Cyrus II opened a new chapter in world history .

He was one of the geniuses of his time, and he was not only satisfied with opening the country and conquering the world . Cyrus wanted to create the basis of a new civilization, so that all nations would be saved from oppression and live in complete freedom and comfort. . Therefore, different ancient nations called him the savior, and the Jews compared him to a shepherd who is the guardian of God's servants. .

The internal situation of Medes caused Cyrus to rise against Astiacus . The army of the king of Medes was defeated in the battle of Pasargad . After that, Astyak's soldiers attacked him . They took him and handed him over to Cyrus (550ق . M ) Cyrus did not harass Astyak . The defeat of Astyac and the progress of the Persian people made King Lady Croesus think and he went to war with Cyrus. . He united with his Egyptian and Greek allies against the rule of Cyrus, but Cyrus did not respite him and in the year 546 ق . He marched to Sard, the capital of Lady

In this war, the important lands of Asia Minor were conquered by the generals of Cyrus . of the year 545 until the 539 ق . M. Cyrus with the tribes between the Kasapian Sea(Caspian) And while they were staying in India, he started fighting and during this time he took Balkh - Merv and Sogd up to Sihun . He built fortifications in that area that were standing until the time of Alexander . Then smart (Sistan ) and captured Makran.

In the year 539 ق . M . Cyrus thought of conquering Babylon (That old proud city ) fell and seized it . After entering Babylon, Cyrus respected the Babylonian temples, forbade killing and looting, and when Cyrus entered the Babylonian capital. . The people of Babylon rushed to welcome him

And they called him their savior .

Cyrus did not impose his religion and the customs of his nation on anyone . His justice and generosity included the state of all nations . The gold and silver dishes that they brought from Jerusalem . returned to the Jews and allowed them to return to their land and build their destroyed temples . Cyrus' statement in Babylon is considered an important event in the history of humanity . Because in it, the king of Iran, unlike his predecessors, expressed his justice and compassion towards the defeated nations .

It is not known in which region the last wars of Cyrus took place and with which tribes, what can be concluded from the various statements of ancient writers is that the desert tribes of Central Asia made the eastern borders of Iran their field of conquest. . Cyrus rushed to defend his lands and got wounded in this campaign and died some time later (428 ق . M)

His body was buried in Pasargad.

camboge – Achaemenids

After Cyrus, his eldest son, Cambyses succeeded his father . This king was the ruler of Babylon at the time of Cyrus, and in his absence, he was the representative of the kingdom . His brother Berdia also ruled the eastern states .

After solving the internal riots, in the year 526 ق . Cambodia decided to conquer Egypt . He was afraid that in his absence, his brother Berdia would take measures against him . For this reason, he killed him secretly .

Cambodge crossed the Sinai desert between Palestine and Egypt with his army and defeated the Pharaoh of Egypt . It did not take long to capture the capital of Egypt . In the continuation of the conquests, he planned to capture Carthage, but he regretted it(Due to the distance) . Also Cambodia to conquer Nubia (Abyssinia today ) He marched his army towards that land, but he did not get any results and most of his soldiers were caught in the deserts of Abyssinia due to lack of food and water and excruciating heat and died. .

Cambodia per year 523 ق. He moved towards Iran when he heard the news of a revolt by a Mughan named Guomat. “papyrus” He claimed to be king . On the way, while riding a horse, the ring of the scabbard of the Cambodian dagger was torn and the bare dagger went into his thigh and injured him. . As a result of this wound, Kamboji died in Damascus .

Darius the Great – Achaemenids

Darius is one of the great kings of ancient times . He in seven years and in 19 The war defeated all the claimants of the monarchy who had rebelled around the country .

The inscription represents the 20th anniversary of these great actions . Dariush after suppressing internal rebellions in the year 517 ق . He went to Egypt and

Hekran defeated the place where he had rebelled

Darius divided his country into twenty or thirty satrapies (Great state ) divided . So that all the power does not fall into the hands of the satrap or the ruler, he left a division commander and a special secretary next to each of them to take care of the satrap and correspond directly with the court. . Apart from this, in order to prevent the encroachment of tyranny and rulers and tax officials, and to spread justice, he arranged special programs, for example, special inspectors at the head of the country were watching over high-ranking government officials, and other officials secretly monitored the affairs of the officials.

They informed the emperor's court .

Darius the highway of Sard and Shush which is close 2400 It is built in kilometers : In every few kilometers there was a breeding station, a military camp, magnificent guest houses and a horse changing station. This gold coin king. (Darek ) popularized . He reduced taxes and encouraged farmers . He opened the strait that connected the Nile to the Red Sea and through which the Mediterranean ships returned to the Indian Ocean. .(Today it is known as the Suez Canal)

Darius paid a lot of attention to the development of the architecture and sculpting industry, and it can be said that this king took outstanding measures in every field of work. .

about a year 512 ق . M. Darius entered Punjab and took possession of vast lands in those areas and formed a new satrapy. .

In the continuation of his conquests, Dariush thought of capturing the land of the European "Segites" of "Southern Russia", because these tribes were causing trouble in the borders of Iran. .

In the year 514 ق . After crossing the canal, Mdarius went on a journey to the Danube river and pursued the dogs . Then he returned to Sardis, but the remnants of his army that remained in Europe captured the cities of Turkey and the Macedonian king also submitted to Iran..

Darius later went to war with the Greeks, but was defeated by the Greeks in the Battle of Marathon .

– other kings

Other Achaemenid kings are: : Xerxes, Xerxes II, Darius II, Ardeshir II, Ardeshir III and Darius III .

Darius III is the last king of this dynasty who was defeated during the wars with Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid land was captured by Alexander. .

Achaemenid formations and pillars

Achaemenid kings respected the customs and religions of the nations in governing their vast kingdoms . The private formations did not disturb them and even in most places, they chose local chiefs from among the natives and did not allow foreigners to dominate them. . As long as these tribes paid taxes and considered themselves citizens of Iran, no one would disturb them . As mentioned in the biography of Darius, this vast kingdom was divided into twenty-four to thirty satrapies, and each satrap had a ruler called a satrap and a secretary who supervised the affairs of the satrap. In the castle of each city, a ruler called ” Arg Pet ” It was found . The commander of the satrap division and the secretary performed their duties independently and were in direct contact with the court. . The edicts of the emperor were conveyed to the relevant authorities by the chaparas who were on the way without stopping and covered the vast lands. Every year, some agents known as the eyes and ears of the king inspected distant areas and reported the results of their investigations to the court. They gave .

Achaemenid religion

Achaemenid kings considered Ahura Mazda to be the creator of the earth and sky, and considered his authority and kingship to be one of the affirmations of Om. . Since Ahura Mazda was invisible, he was worshiped in front of fire, which was a symbol of power and glory. In most of the inscriptions of some kings, the names of Mehr and Nahid are mentioned for the first time. . Although the ancient Iranians believed in the seal and considered it sacred, the Achaemenian kings believed in this god since the end of the 5th century BC, and since the time of Ardashir II, the kings of this dynasty have considered the seal sacred and during the oath They took him as a witness, or asked him for help in the war . At that time, the people of Iran considered water, fire, wind and earth sacred.

Mughans were a tribe of Medes whose work was dedicated to the performance of religious ceremonies and their presence was obligatory for the performance of religious hymns. . The main difference observed between the ceremonies of the Persians and the Mughans is that the Persians covered their bodies with wax and then buried them in the ground, but the Mughans did not consider burying the dead as a place and believed that the soil is sacred and should not be buried in it. did

Achaemenid industries and art

The Achaemenid kings, who conquered vast kingdoms and subjugated many nations, used the skills of all skilled architects and masters in building their royal buildings and palaces. . For that reason, the architectural styles of other nations can also be seen in the industrial works of Iran of that era .

Therefore, it should be said that Iran's industry was composed of various industries and what Iranians invented in this regard was the way of combining these industries with each other in order to make them look beautiful and achieve the greatness of the Achaemenid era. . In this regard, Iranians used their taste and taste in such a way that Iran's industry became a special industry that is different from the industry of other nations. .

Achaemenid script and language

The inscriptions that the Achaemenid sultans left as monuments are in three languages : Ancient Persian, Anzani or Shushi language, and Babylonian language, but some of them are only in Ancient Persian, which was spoken by courtiers and the royal family. . All these languages ​​were written with cuneiform letters . They said that the basis of these letters was adapted from the Babylonian script and simplified and shortened . Instead of hundreds of signs and shapes that were in Babylonian script, only Persian cuneiform 36 It has certain signs and forms . The most important inscription of the Achaemenid period is the famous Biston inscription in which Darius the Great describes his actions and is written in three languages. .

Achaemenid architecture

The most important building of the Achaemenid era is Takht Jamshid(پارسه) The Greeks called it Persepolis . The greatness of this building is evident even today from its ruins . Most of the Achaemenid kings were involved in the construction of palaces and the construction of this great building, but it can be said that its most important palaces were built during the time of Darius I and Khashoggi. .

The works located in Pasar Gad, especially the tomb of Cyrus the Great and the tomb of the Achaemenid kings and the Zoroastrian Kaaba located in Naqsh Rostam and the remains of Darius' palace located in Susa, are among the other important works left from the Achaemenid era. .

In general, it can be said that the Achaemenians were the first and one of the largest empires in the world

They were the ones who conquered the entire known world at that time

and approx 250 They ruled on that year…

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