Inscription line

Darius I, Naqsh-e Rostam (DNb)

DNb · 9

Parallel reading

Script, transliteration, and transcription

Old Persian cuneiform: 𐏐 𐎬𐎢𐎵𐎢𐎺𐎫𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎼𐎠!𐎮𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎷𐎡𐎰 𐏐 𐎣𐎼𐎡𐎹𐎡𐏁
Transliteration: : tu-u-nu-u-v-t-h-y-a : r-a-!-di-i-y : mi-i-ϑ : k-r-i-y-i-š
Transcription: : tunuvatahyā : rādiy : miϑa : kariyaiš
Editorial note: Source line has all recorded text layers. Machine-generated and unreviewed

Translation and meaning

Recorded English translations

Machine-generated and unreviewedMachine-generated and unreviewed

strong · because of · injustice · do

Status: Machine-generated and unreviewed
Generator version: parsiandej-en-literal-b9b9284386e8ad0489cabc25ec9f186dad5830b53f51ff3a562dcc90dffec5f7
Confidence: Not recorded
Unresolved tokens: 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐

Machine-generated and unreviewed; this is not a human-reviewed critical translation.

Words in this line

Segmentation and word analysis

Words in line 9
Position	Inscriptional form	Lemma	Analysis
1	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
2	𐎬𐎢𐎵𐎢𐎺𐎫𐏃𐎹𐎠tu-u-nu-u-v-t-h-y-a	tunuvanta-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for tunuvantahyā; English gloss: strong. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
3	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
4	𐎼𐎠!𐎮𐎡𐎹r-a-!-di-i-y	rādī	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for rādī; English gloss: because of. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
5	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
6	𐎷𐎡𐎰mi-i-ϑ	miθah-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for miθa; English gloss: injustice. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
7	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
8	𐎣𐎼𐎡𐎹𐎡𐏁k-r-i-y-i-š	kar	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for kariyai̯š; English gloss: do. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed

Scholarly traceability

Source and stable identifier

DNb 9

View line in source Data preparation and notation guide

Source and permission for use

TITUS Old Persian corpus

This tool is developed by Persian Dej and uses Old Persian linguistic data available in the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, affiliated with the TITUS Project at Goethe University Frankfurt, as one of its scholarly and linguistic sources.

Use of TITUS data in this tool for educational, research, and non-commercial purposes is made with the written permission of the TITUS Project.

Data source:

TITUS Old Persian Corpus
TITUS Project — Goethe University Frankfurt
Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien

Learn more

The rights to TITUS data, texts, source materials, and core collections belong to their respective rights holders and are independent of Persian Dej’s intellectual-property rights.

Persian Dej rights

The design, software development, proprietary code, algorithms, system structure, software architecture, user interface, methods for processing and presenting information, documentation, and other proprietary content of Persian Dej belong to Aria Haman Mehr Parseh Co. All material and intellectual-property rights in these elements are reserved.

The rights to third-party resources and data, including data from the TITUS Old Persian Corpus — TITUS Project, Goethe University Frankfurt, belong to the original rights holders. Persian Dej uses them in accordance with the licences and permissions it has received.

Ordinary personal and educational use of this tool is permitted under the site’s terms of use. Any substantial reproduction, systematic extraction of information, copying, creation of a database or derivative service, commercial offering, sale, transfer, republication, or exploitation of Persian Dej’s proprietary materials beyond ordinary use is prohibited without written permission.

Requests for use and coordination

For any research, institutional, publishing, commercial, or collaborative use; use of data or services; technical access; reuse of Persian Dej’s proprietary content; or any purpose outside ordinary user use, please contact us at the address below before use so that we can review and coordinate the request:

info@parsiandej.ir

Where a request concerns data or rights belonging to third-party resources or persons, including the TITUS Project and Goethe University Frankfurt, separate permission from the original rights holder may also be necessary.

Old Persian linguistic data sourced in part from the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, TITUS Project, Goethe University Frankfurt. Used with written permission of the TITUS Project.

Scholarly evidence chain and method of use

The TITUS corpus is based on editions by Roland G. Kent, Manfred Mayrhofer, and Rüdiger Schmitt; data entry was completed by S. Gindro, S. Scarlata, and P. Widmer under the supervision of G. E. Dunkel; G. Keydana and J. Gippert provided additions and improvements; A. Sarhadi and M. Esnaashari added the transcription text and cuneiform-to-Unicode conversion; and J. Gippert, J. Martínez García, and M. Esnaashari prepared the TITUS version.

Parsiandej keeps source text separate from normalized forms, dictionary links, rule-based translations, and local corrections so that the provenance of every value remains clear.

View the official TITUS corpus Methodology and scholarly limitations