Inscription line

Darius I, Bisotun (DB4.)

DB4. · 68

Contains editorial restoration

Parallel reading

Script, transliteration, and transcription

Old Persian cuneiform: 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎱𐎼𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡[𐎹] 𐏐 𐏃[𐎹] 𐏐 𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴 𐏐 𐎠𐏃𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐏃𐎹𐎺𐎠 𐏐 [𐏀𐎢]𐎼𐎣𐎼 𐏐 𐎠𐏃𐎫/𐎡𐎹
Transliteration: h-y : a-p-r-m : a-h-y : m-r-t-i-[y] : h-[y] : d-r-u-j-n : a-h-t-i-y : h-y-v-a : [z-u]-r-k-r : a-h-t-/i-y
Transcription: hya : aparam : āhy : martiya : hya : draujana : ahatiy : hyavā : zurakara : ahatiy
Editorial note: Source line has all recorded text layers. Machine-generated and unreviewed

Audio reading of line 68

Synthetic, approximate reading

Duration 0:16

Missing or unreadable parts use a sound cue and an English announcement; reconstructed readings are also announced in English. Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review.

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Listening guide

This file is a synthetic, approximate reading of the Old Persian text. As you listen:

A chime and the phrase “This part is missing or unreadable”: this part of the inscription is lost or unreadable, and no definite reading is available.
The phrase “Possible reconstructed reading”: what follows is a proposed reading of a reconstructed section and is not certain.
Pauses between sections: these separate parts of the reading; the length of a pause does not indicate the number of missing words.

Historical pronunciation needs scholarly review. To understand the text’s meaning, read the translation provided on this page.

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Any use of this audio file requires prior coordination via the following email address:

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Text source, rights and permission

The text used for this reading comes from the TITUS Old Persian corpus, part of the TITUS project at Goethe University Frankfurt. Rights to the original data, texts and sources belong to their respective rights holders and remain independent of the rights to Parsiandej’s own contributions.

TITUS data is used in this system for educational, research and non-commercial purposes with written permission from the TITUS project. Coordination with the company does not replace any permissions required from the rights holders of the original sources.

Translation and meaning

Recorded English translations

Machine-generated and unreviewedMachine-generated and unreviewed

who · later · be · man · who · believer in falsehood · be · who · evildoer · be

Status: Machine-generated and unreviewed
Generator version: parsiandej-en-literal-b9b9284386e8ad0489cabc25ec9f186dad5830b53f51ff3a562dcc90dffec5f7
Confidence: Not recorded
Unresolved tokens: 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐, 𐏐

Machine-generated and unreviewed; this is not a human-reviewed critical translation.

Words in this line

Segmentation and word analysis

Words in line 68
Position	Inscriptional form	Lemma	Analysis
1	𐏃𐎹h-y	haya/taya-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for haya; English gloss: who. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
2	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
3	𐎠𐎱𐎼𐎶a-p-r-m	aparam	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for aparam; English gloss: later. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
4	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
5	𐎠𐏃𐎹a-h-y	ah	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for ahi; English gloss: be. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
6	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
7	𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡[𐎹]m-r-t-i-[y]	martiya	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for martiya; English gloss: man. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
8	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
9	𐏃[𐎹]h-[y]	haya/taya-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for haya; English gloss: who. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
10	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
11	𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴d-r-u-j-n	drau̯jana-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for drau̯jana; English gloss: believer in falsehood. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
12	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
13	𐎠𐏃𐎫𐎡𐎹a-h-t-i-y	ah	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for ahati; English gloss: be. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
14	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
15	𐏃𐎹𐎺𐎠h-y-v-a	haya/taya-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for hayavā; English gloss: who. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
16	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
17	[𐏀𐎢]𐎼𐎣𐎼[z-u]-r-k-r	zurakara-	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for zurakara; English gloss: evildoer. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed
18	𐏐	—	No analysis recorded
19	𐎠𐏃𐎫/𐎡𐎹a-h-t-/i-y	ah	Documented Old Persian dictionary entry for ahati; English gloss: be. · Automatically linked Machine-generated and unreviewed

Scholarly traceability

Source and stable identifier

DB4. 68

View line in source Data preparation and notation guide

Source and permission for use

TITUS Old Persian corpus

This tool is developed by Persian Dej and uses Old Persian linguistic data available in the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, affiliated with the TITUS Project at Goethe University Frankfurt, as one of its scholarly and linguistic sources.

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Old Persian linguistic data sourced in part from the TITUS Old Persian Corpus, TITUS Project, Goethe University Frankfurt. Used with written permission of the TITUS Project.

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The TITUS corpus is based on editions by Roland G. Kent, Manfred Mayrhofer, and Rüdiger Schmitt; data entry was completed by S. Gindro, S. Scarlata, and P. Widmer under the supervision of G. E. Dunkel; G. Keydana and J. Gippert provided additions and improvements; A. Sarhadi and M. Esnaashari added the transcription text and cuneiform-to-Unicode conversion; and J. Gippert, J. Martínez García, and M. Esnaashari prepared the TITUS version.

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