:root{--history-primary: #8b6228;--history-primary-dark: #6f512b;--history-primary-rgb: 139, 98, 40;--history-primary-dark-rgb: 111, 81, 43;--history-ink: #000;--history-on-dark: #fff;--history-dark-surface: #211a13;--history-muted: var(--history-ink);--history-paper: #fffdf9;--history-card: #fbfaf6;--history-line: #e5dfd4;--history-tint: #f6efdf;--history-sand: #d1be9f;--history-sand-rgb: 209, 190, 159;--history-caption: var(--history-ink);--history-text: var(--history-ink);--history-green: var(--history-primary);--history-green-dark: var(--history-primary-dark);--history-rust: var(--history-primary-dark);--history-gold: var(--history-sand);--history-navy: var(--history-primary-dark);--bs-body-color: var(--history-ink);--bs-body-color-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-secondary-color: var(--history-ink);--bs-secondary-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-link-color: var(--history-ink);--bs-link-color-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-link-hover-color: var(--history-ink);--bs-link-hover-color-rgb: 0, 0, 0;--bs-primary-rgb: var(--history-primary-rgb);--bs-success-rgb: var(--history-primary-rgb)}:is(.text-primary,.text-success,.text-danger,.text-warning,.text-info,.text-secondary,.text-muted,.text-body-secondary,.text-body-tertiary){color:var(--history-text)!important}:is(i,svg):is(.text-primary,.text-success){color:var(--history-primary)!important}.text-white-50{color:var(--history-on-dark)!important}.btn-primary,.btn-success{--bs-btn-color: var(--history-on-dark);--bs-btn-bg: var(--history-primary);--bs-btn-border-color: var(--history-primary);--bs-btn-hover-color: var(--history-on-dark);--bs-btn-hover-bg: var(--history-primary-dark);--bs-btn-hover-border-color: var(--history-primary-dark);--bs-btn-active-color: var(--history-on-dark);--bs-btn-active-bg: var(--history-primary-dark);--bs-btn-active-border-color: var(--history-primary-dark);--bs-btn-disabled-color: var(--history-on-dark);--bs-btn-disabled-bg: var(--history-primary);--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: var(--history-primary)}[class*=btn-outline-]{--bs-btn-color: var(--history-ink);--bs-btn-disabled-color: var(--history-ink)}.btn-outline-primary,.btn-outline-success{--bs-btn-border-color: var(--history-primary);--bs-btn-hover-color: var(--history-on-dark);--bs-btn-hover-bg: var(--history-primary);--bs-btn-hover-border-color: var(--history-primary);--bs-btn-active-color: var(--history-on-dark);--bs-btn-active-bg: var(--history-primary-dark);--bs-btn-active-border-color: var(--history-primary-dark);--bs-btn-disabled-border-color: var(--history-primary)}.alert{--bs-alert-color: var(--history-ink);--bs-alert-link-color: var(--history-ink)}.alert-primary,.alert-success{--bs-alert-bg: var(--history-tint);--bs-alert-border-color: var(--history-line)}.form-check-input:checked{background-color:var(--history-primary);border-color:var(--history-primary)}.form-check-input:focus{border-color:var(--history-sand);box-shadow:0 0 0 .25rem rgba(var(--history-primary-rgb),.2)}html{scroll-behavior:smooth}body{color:var(--history-ink);background:var(--history-paper);font-family:IRANSansX,Tahoma,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.85;--history-text: var(--history-ink)}button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit}a{color:var(--history-ink);text-decoration:none}[id]{scroll-margin-top:9rem}.skip-link{position:fixed;z-index:2000;top:.75rem;right:.75rem;padding:.65rem 1rem;color:var(--history-on-dark);background:var(--history-green-dark);border-radius:.7rem;box-shadow:0 8px 24px rgba(var(--history-primary-dark-rgb),.25);transform:translateY(-160%);--history-text: var(--history-on-dark)}.skip-link:focus{transform:translateY(0)}:where(a,button,input):focus-visible{outline:3px solid rgba(var(--history-primary-rgb),.42);outline-offset:3px}.fa-duotone{--fa-primary-color: currentColor;--fa-secondary-color: currentColor;--fa-secondary-opacity: .35}:is(.nav-section-title,.publisher-icon,.old-persian-resource-icon)>.fa-duotone{--fa-secondary-color: var(--history-sand);--fa-secondary-opacity: 1}.main-nav{background:#fffdf9f5;border-bottom:1px solid var(--history-line);box-shadow:0 7px 22px rgba(var(--history-primary-dark-rgb),.055);-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(16px);backdrop-filter:blur(16px);--history-text: var(--history-ink)}.main-nav-shell{display:flex}.nav-primary-row{min-height:4.6rem}.brand-lockup{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.7rem;color:var(--history-ink)}.project-logo{display:block;flex:0 0 auto;width:2.75rem;height:2.75rem;object-fit:contain;object-position:center}.brand-name{display:block;font-size:1.12rem;font-weight:900;line-height:1.2}.brand-caption{display:block;color:var(--history-ink);font-size:.7rem;font-weight:400}.nav-link{color:var(--history-ink);font-size:.86rem;font-weight:700}.main-nav .nav-link,.navbar-toggler{min-height:2.75rem}.main-nav .navbar-nav{align-items:center}.main-nav .nav-links-row{margin-top:.55rem;padding-top:.22rem;border-top:1px solid var(--history-line)}.main-nav .nav-links-row .nav-item{flex:1 1 0;text-align:center}.main-nav .nav-links-row .nav-item+.nav-item{border-inline-start:1px solid rgba(var(--history-sand-rgb),.9)}.main-nav .navbar-nav .nav-link{position:relative;display:inline-flex;min-height:2.5rem;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:.5rem;padding:.35rem .72rem;border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:.65rem;line-height:1.35;white-space:nowrap}.main-nav .nav-links-row .nav-link i{color:var(--history-green);font-size:.95rem}.main-nav .nav-links-row .nav-link.active i{color:var(--history-green-dark)}.nav-section-copy{display:grid;grid-template-columns:2rem minmax(0,1fr);align-items:center;column-gap:.55rem;row-gap:.15rem;min-width:0;text-align:start}.nav-section-copy>.nav-section-badge{grid-column:2;grid-row:1}.nav-section-badge{display:inline-flex;color:var(--history-ink);font-size:.65rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.5;white-space:nowrap}.nav-section-title{display:contents}.nav-section-title>span{grid-column:2;grid-row:2;line-height:1.6;white-space:normal}.main-nav .nav-sections .nav-section-title>i{display:grid;grid-column:1;grid-row:1 / 3;width:2rem;height:2rem;place-items:center;background:var(--history-tint);border:1px solid rgba(var(--history-primary-rgb),.07);border-radius:.65rem;font-size:.92rem;transition:color .18s ease,background-color .18s ease;--history-text: var(--history-ink)}.nav-writing-toggle{width:100%;background:transparent}.main-nav .nav-sections>.nav-item>.nav-link.nav-writing-toggle{padding-inline-end:1.35rem}.nav-sections .nav-writing-toggle:after{position:absolute;top:50%;inset-inline-end:.55rem;width:.42rem;height:.42rem;margin:0;border:solid var(--history-sand);border-width:0 1.5px 1.5px 0;transform:translateY(-70%) rotate(45deg);transition:transform .18s ease,border-color .18s ease}.nav-sections .nav-writing-toggle.show:after{transform:translateY(-20%) rotate(225deg)}.main-nav .nav-sections>.nav-item>.nav-link{color:var(--history-ink);transition:color .18s ease,background-color .18s ease,border-color .18s ease,box-shadow .18s ease}.main-nav .nav-sections>.nav-item>.nav-link:is(:hover,:focus-visible,.show){color:var(--history-ink);background:var(--history-paper);border-color:var(--history-line);box-shadow:0 3px 10px rgba(var(--history-primary-dark-rgb),.06);--history-text: var(--history-ink)}.main-nav .nav-sections>.nav-item>.nav-link.active{color:var(--history-ink);background:var(--history-tint);border-color:var(--history-sand);border-radius:.8rem;box-shadow:none;--history-text: var(--history-ink)}.main-nav .nav-sections>.nav-item>.nav-link:is(.active,.show) .nav-section-title>i{color:var(--history-ink);background:var(--history-green);border-color:transparent;--history-text: var(--history-on-dark)}.main-nav .nav-sections>.nav-item>.nav-link:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--history-green);outline-offset:2px}.nav-writing-dropdown{text-align:right;min-width:20rem;padding:.6rem;background:var(--history-card);border-color:var(--history-line);border-radius:1rem;box-shadow:0 18px 48px rgba(var(--history-primary-dark-rgb),.14),0 3px 8px rgba(var(--history-primary-dark-rgb),.04);--history-text: var(--history-ink)}@media(min-width:992px){.main-nav .nav-sections{align-items:stretch;gap:.25rem;margin:.2rem 0 .75rem;padding:.3rem;background:var(--history-card);border:1px solid var(--history-line);border-radius:1rem;--history-text: var(--history-ink)}.main-nav .nav-sections>.nav-item{flex:1 1 0;min-width:0;text-align:start}.main-nav .nav-sections>.nav-old-persian-menu,.main-nav .nav-sections>.nav-writing-tools,.main-nav .nav-sections>.nav-other-menu{flex-grow:1.15}.main-nav .nav-sections>.nav-item+.nav-item{border-inline-start:0}.main-nav .nav-sections>.nav-item>.nav-link{width:100%;height:100%;min-height:3.6rem;justify-content:flex-start;padding:.55rem;border-radius:.8rem;font-size:.78rem;font-weight:700}.nav-section-copy>.nav-section-badge{font-size:.6rem}.nav-old-persian-menu>.nav-writing-dropdown{max-height:calc(100vh - 11rem);max-height:calc(100dvh - 11rem);overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;overscroll-behavior-y:contain}}@media(min-width:992px)and (max-width:1199.98px){.nav-section-copy{grid-template-columns:1.5rem minmax(0,1fr);column-gap:.35rem}.main-nav .nav-sections .nav-section-title>i{width:1.5rem;height:1.75rem;border-radius:.5rem;font-size:.8rem}.main-nav .nav-sections>.nav-item>.nav-link{padding-inline-start:.35rem;padding-inline-end:.35rem;font-size:.72rem}.nav-section-copy>.nav-section-badge{font-size:.56rem}}@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.main-nav .nav-sections>.nav-item>.nav-link,.main-nav .nav-sections .nav-section-title>i,.nav-sections .nav-writing-toggle:after,.nav-writing-dropdown .nav-writing-item{transition:none}}.nav-writing-dropdown li+li{margin-top:.25rem}.nav-writing-page-list{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}.nav-writing-page-list li+li{margin-top:.25rem}.nav-writing-language-toggle{width:100%;border:0;background:transparent;text-align:right}.nav-writing-language-chevron{margin-right:auto;color:var(--history-muted);transition:transform .16s ease}.nav-writing-language-toggle[aria-expanded=true] .nav-writing-language-chevron{transform:rotate(180deg)}.nav-writing-language-pages{margin-top:.25rem;padding:.35rem .35rem .35rem 0;border-right:2px solid var(--history-line)}.nav-writing-item-en{text-align:left}.nav-writing-item{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:.7rem;padding:.7rem;color:var(--history-ink);border-radius:.65rem;white-space:normal;transition:background-color .18s ease,color .18s ease}.nav-writing-dropdown .nav-writing-item:is(:hover,:focus-visible){color:var(--history-ink);background:var(--history-tint);--history-text: var(--history-ink)}.nav-writing-dropdown .nav-writing-item.active{color:var(--history-ink);background:var(--history-tint);--history-text: var(--history-ink)}.nav-writing-item-icon{display:inline-flex;width:2.35rem;height:2.35rem;flex:0 0 auto;align-items:center;justify-content:center;color:var(--history-green);background:rgba(var(--history-primary-rgb),.08);border-radius:.65rem}.nav-writing-item strong,.nav-writing-item small{display:block}.nav-writing-item strong{font-size:.78rem;line-height:1.75}.nav-writing-item small{margin-top:.1rem;color:var(--history-ink);font-size:.67rem;line-height:1.7}.nav-actions{flex:0 0 auto}.nav-notification-link{position:relative;display:inline-flex;width:2.5rem;height:2.5rem;align-items:center;justify-content:center;color:var(--history-ink);background:rgba(var(--history-primary-rgb),.04);border:1px solid var(--history-line);border-radius:.7rem;text-decoration:none}.nav-notification-link:hover,.nav-notification-link:focus-visible,.nav-notification-link.active{color:var(--history-ink);background:rgba(var(--history-primary-rgb),.1);border-color:rgba(var(--history-primary-rgb),.25)}.nav-notification-link.has-unread i{color:var(--history-green)}.nav-notification-badge{position:absolute;top:-.42rem;right:-.42rem;display:inline-flex;min-width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:0 .25rem;color:var(--history-on-dark);background:var(--history-primary);border:2px solid #fff;border-radius:999px;font-size:.62rem;font-weight:900;--history-text: var(--history-on-dark)}.nav-toggler-glyph{position:relative;display:block;width:1.5rem;height:1.5rem;color:var(--history-ink)}.nav-toggler-bars,.nav-toggler-close{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;width:1.25rem;height:2px;border-radius:999px;background:currentColor;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);transition:opacity .22s ease,transform .3s cubic-bezier(.22,1,.36,1)}.nav-toggler-bars:before,.nav-toggler-bars:after{position:absolute;left:0;width:100%;height:2px;border-radius:inherit;background:currentColor;content:""}.nav-toggler-bars:before{top:-.38rem}.nav-toggler-bars:after{top:.38rem}.nav-toggler-close{opacity:0;background:transparent;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-90deg) scale(.72)}.nav-toggler-close:before,.nav-toggler-close:after{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;width:1.25rem;height:2px;border-radius:999px;background:currentColor;content:""}.nav-toggler-close:before{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(45deg)}.nav-toggler-close:after{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(-45deg)}.navbar-toggler[aria-expanded=true] .nav-toggler-bars{opacity:0;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(90deg) scale(.72)}.navbar-toggler[aria-expanded=true] .nav-toggler-close{opacity:1;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(0) scale(1)}.main-nav .nav-auth-link{display:inline-flex;min-height:2.5rem;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:.4rem;padding:.38rem .65rem;border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:.65rem;font-size:.82rem;line-height:1.2;white-space:nowrap}.main-nav .nav-auth-link:hover,.main-nav .nav-auth-link:focus-visible{color:var(--history-ink);background:rgba(var(--history-primary-rgb),.055)}.nav-user-menu-toggle{background:transparent}.main-nav .nav-user-menu-toggle.show{color:var(--history-ink);background:rgba(var(--history-primary-rgb),.08)}.nav-user-menu-toggle:after{margin-right:.15rem;margin-left:0}.nav-user-dropdown{min-width:11.5rem;padding:.45rem;border-color:var(--history-line);border-radius:.85rem;box-shadow:0 14px 38px rgba(var(--history-primary-dark-rgb),.14)}.nav-user-dropdown .dropdown-item{display:flex;min-height:2.75rem;align-items:center;gap:.6rem;padding:.55rem .7rem;color:var(--history-ink);border-radius:.6rem;font-size:.78rem;font-weight:750}.nav-user-dropdown .dropdown-item:hover,.nav-user-dropdown .dropdown-item:focus{color:var(--history-ink);background:rgba(var(--history-primary-rgb),.075)}.nav-user-dropdown .dropdown-item i{width:1.2rem;color:var(--history-green);text-align:center}.nav-menu-notification-count{min-width:1.45rem;margin-right:auto;padding:.1rem .35rem;color:var(--history-on-dark);background:var(--history-green);border-radius:999px;font-size:.65rem;text-align:center;--history-text: var(--history-on-dark)}.nav-user-dropdown .dropdown-divider{margin:.35rem 0;border-color:var(--history-line)}.nav-user-dropdown form{margin:0}.nav-user-dropdown .nav-user-logout{width:100%;border:0}.main-nav .nav-publish-btn{display:inline-flex;min-height:2.5rem;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:.45rem;padding:.42rem .9rem;border-radius:.7rem;box-shadow:0 7px 18px rgba(var(--history-primary-rgb),.16);font-size:.8rem;line-height:1.2;white-space:nowrap}.main-nav .nav-publish-btn:hover,.main-nav .nav-publish-btn:focus-visible{box-shadow:0 9px 22px rgba(var(--history-primary-dark-rgb),.22)}.main-nav .nav-publish-btn i{margin:0;font-size:.82rem}.nav-link:hover,.nav-link:focus{color:var(--history-ink)}.nav-search{position:relative;width:100%}.nav-search-desktop{max-width:34rem}.nav-search .form-control{min-height:2.75rem;padding-right:3rem;background:var(--history-card);border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:999px;font-size:.78rem;--history-text: var(--history-ink)}.nav-search .form-control:focus{background:#fff;border-color:rgba(var(--history-primary-rgb),.35);box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem rgba(var(--history-primary-rgb),.08);--history-text: var(--history-ink)}.nav-search-button{position:absolute;z-index:2;top:50%;right:.2rem;display:grid;width:2.75rem;height:2.75rem;padding:0;place-items:center;color:var(--history-ink);background:transparent;border:0;border-radius:50%;transform:translateY(-50%)}.btn{min-height:2.75rem;border-radius:.75rem;font-weight:700}.btn-history{color:var(--history-on-dark);background:var(--history-green);border-color:var(--history-green);--history-text: var(--history-on-dark)}.btn-history:hover,.btn-history:focus{color:var(--history-on-dark);background:var(--history-green-dark);border-color:var(--history-green-dark);--history-text: var(--history-on-dark)}.btn-outline-history{color:var(--history-ink);border-color:rgba(var(--history-primary-rgb),.4)}.btn-outline-history:hover,.btn-outline-history:focus{color:var(--history-on-dark);background:var(--history-green);border-color:var(--history-green);--history-text: var(--history-on-dark)}.hero-wrap{padding:2rem 0 1.5rem}.history-hero{position:relative;min-height:31rem;overflow:hidden;color:var(--history-on-dark);background-color:var(--history-primary-dark);background-image:var(--history-hero-background, url(/build/assets/history-research-hero-CwIGKZxW.webp));background-position:center;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat;border-radius:1.6rem;box-shadow:0 24px 70px rgba(var(--history-primary-dark-rgb),.16);--history-text: var(--history-on-dark)}.history-hero:before{position:absolute;inset:0;content:"";background:linear-gradient(270deg,rgba(var(--history-primary-dark-rgb),.94),rgba(var(--history-primary-dark-rgb),.84) 35%,rgba(var(--history-primary-dark-rgb),.32) 68%,rgba(var(--history-primary-dark-rgb),.08));--history-text: var(--history-on-dark)}.history-hero:after{position:absolute;inset:1rem;pointer-events:none;content:"";border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.15);border-radius:1.1rem}.hero-content{position:relative;z-index:1;display:flex;min-height:31rem;max-width:44rem;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;padding:clamp(2rem,4vw,3.75rem)}.hero-badge{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;align-self:flex-start;gap:.55rem;padding:.42rem .85rem;color:var(--history-on-dark);background:#ffffff1a;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14);border-radius:999px;font-size:.78rem;font-weight:700;-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(12px);backdrop-filter:blur(12px)}.hero-title{margin:1.35rem 0 1rem;font-size:clamp(2.5rem,4.2vw,3.8rem);font-weight:1000;line-height:1.18;letter-spacing:-.01em}.hero-title em{color:var(--history-on-dark);font-style:normal}.hero-copy{max-width:37rem;color:var(--history-on-dark);font-size:1.03rem}.hero-search{display:flex;max-width:37rem;gap:.6rem;margin-top:1.5rem;padding:.55rem;background:#fffffff5;border-radius:1rem;box-shadow:0 14px 40px #0003;--history-text: var(--history-ink)}.hero-search .form-control{color:var(--history-ink);background:transparent;border:0;box-shadow:none;font-size:.86rem}.hero-stats{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:1.6rem;margin-top:1.45rem;color:var(--history-on-dark);font-size:.8rem}.hero-stats strong{display:block;color:var(--history-on-dark);font-size:1.15rem;font-weight:900}.hero-demo-note{margin:.8rem 0 0;color:var(--history-on-dark);font-size:.78rem}.topic-strip{padding:.7rem 0 1.9rem}.topic-row+.topic-row{margin-top:.65rem}.topic-scroll{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.65rem;overflow-x:auto;scrollbar-width:none}.topic-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}.topic-label{flex:0 0 auto;color:var(--history-ink);font-size:.82rem;font-weight:700}.topic-chip{display:inline-flex;flex:0 0 auto;align-items:center;gap:.45rem;min-height:2.75rem;padding:.55rem .8rem;color:var(--history-ink);background:var(--history-card);border:1px solid var(--history-line);border-radius:999px;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:600;transition:.2s ease;--history-text: var(--history-ink)}.topic-chip:hover{color:var(--history-ink);border-color:rgba(var(--history-primary-rgb),.35);transform:translateY(-2px)}.content-section{padding:1.5rem 0 5rem}.section-heading{display:flex;align-items:end;justify-content:space-between;gap:1rem;margin-bottom:1.2rem}.section-kicker{color:var(--history-ink);font-size:.78rem;font-weight:800}.section-title{margin:.2rem 0 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